2. Learning Definition: The process of acquiring new and enduring information or behaviors Associative learning is the key Conditioning – the process of learning associations

3. 3 Major Types of Learning Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Learning by observation

4. Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell? Ivan Pavlov – early 1900’s

5. Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning He noticed that his dogs salivated at sight of food from a cupboard Neutral stimuli elicited salivation

6. Experiment: Sound a tone -> place food in a dog's mouth -> dog salivates -> after a period of time the dog salivates at the sound of tone

7. Terms Related to this Process Unconditioned Stimulus (US) Unconditioned Response (UR) Neutral Stimulus (NS) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR)

8. How Does Learning Occur? NS + US = CS When the NS is paired with US: The animal (or person) learns a CS The CS then elicits the CR

10. 4 Processes Involved in Classical Conditioning Acquisition Extinction & Spontaneous Recovery Generalization Discrimination

11. Higher-Order Conditioning A new NS can become a new CS by becoming associated with an old CS e.g., associating a light with a tone

12. Contributions of Pavlov’s Work Is a basic learning process Applies to a wide variety of stimuli and species An internal psychological process like learning can be studied objectively Applications to real life

14. Criticisms of Pavlov The importance of cognition on learning was underestimated by Pavlov Importance of biological constraints on an organism’s learning capacity

15. Operant Conditioning Behaviors are associated with their consequences Operant conditioning - associations are learned between organism's behavior and resulting events that occur after the behavior

16. B.F. Skinner - the “Godfather” of Operant Learning Designed the Skinner box

18. Pioneered the Shaping procedure (aka method of successive approximations) Shaping based on reinforcement principles

19. Principles of Reinforcement Definition of Reinforcer Types of Reinforcers: Positive Negative Primary Conditioned Immediate Delayed

20. Reinforcement Schedules Continuous - behavior reinforced every time Partial – responses sometimes reinforced

21. 4 Types of Partial Reinforcement Fixed-ratio Variable-ratio Fixed interval Variable-interval

22. Punishment Punisher - Aversive consequence that decreases the frequency of a preceding behavior

23. Negative Effects of Punishment Punished behavior is suppressed, not forgotten Behavior may reappear in safe settings May increase aggressiveness Can teach fear of person or place where punishment occurred

24. Contributions of Skinner’s Work Showed the value of reinforcers Showed that punishers may not be effective Applications to teaching and learning Applications to home and the workplace

25. Some “Interesting” Ideas from Skinner “Project Pigeon” Walden II “Beyond Freedom & Dignity”

26. Criticisms of Skinner’s Work Like Pavlov, tends to ignore cognition and biological factors in learning

27. Learning by Observation (Modeling) The process of observing and imitating behavior Two types of Learning by Observation: Prosocial learning Antisocial learning

28. Example: Bandura’s Bobo Doll Study

29. Result: VIOLENCE!

30. Mirror Neurons Neurons represent the physiological basis for imitation Become active when we observe another’s action Brain constructs an internal simulation of the observed action May also explain empathy and part of our social interactions