1. on behalf of NNbar Collaboration Yuri Kamyshkov University of Tennessee May 5, 2006 SUNY Stony Brook Search for neutron  antineutron transitions at DUSEL N-Nbar proto-collaboration

2. Motivation  The origin of matter-antimatter asymmetry in the Universe (BAU) remains an unresolved problem  1967 A. Sakharov: 3 BAU conditions, including baryon number violation. The mechanism of B violation was undefined  1976 ’t Hooft: B and L are violated in SM; 1985 Kuzmin, Rubakov, Shaposhnikov: large effect in Early Universe (sphalerons) at the temperature scale >EW erasing (B+L). Need (B  L) violation above EW scale to explain BAU!  Leptogenesis: very high-temperature ~ 10 12 GeV heavy-Majorana transition with  L=2 and  (B  L)  0, then converted to baryon asymmetry by sphalerons at EW energy scale. Beautiful idea but untestable directly  Proton decay modes conserving (B  L)  Proton decay modes conserving (B  L) e.g. p  e + +  0 can not generate BAU  PDK at GUT scale is not the mechanism of baryogenesis  Neutron  antineutron transition with  B=2 and  (B  L)  0 is possible testable mechanism of BAU

3. |  B|=2 ; |  (B  L)|=2 There are no laws of nature that would forbid the N  Nbartransitions There are no laws of nature that would forbid the N  Nbar transitions except the conservation of "baryon charge (number)": except the conservation of "baryon charge (number)": M. Gell-Mann and A. Pais, Phys. Rev. 97 (1955) 1387 M. Gell-Mann and A. Pais, Phys. Rev. 97 (1955) 1387 L. Okun, Weak Interaction of Elementary Particles, Moscow, 1963 L. Okun, Weak Interaction of Elementary Particles, Moscow, 1963 N  Nbar was first suggested as a possible mechanism for explanation N  Nbar was first suggested as a possible mechanism for explanation of Baryon Asymmetry of Universe by V. Kuzmin, 1970 of Baryon Asymmetry of Universe by V. Kuzmin, 1970 N  Nbar works within GUT + SUSY. First considered and developed within the framework of L-R symmetric Unification models N  Nbar works within GUT + SUSY. First considered and developed within the framework of L-R symmetric Unification models by R. Mohapatra and R. Marshak, 1979 … by R. Mohapatra and R. Marshak, 1979 … Several recent theory papers beyond SM related to N  Nbar Several recent theory papers beyond SM related to N  Nbar: K. Babu and R. Mohapatra, PLB 518 (2001) 269 S. Nussinov and R. Shrock, PRL 88 (2002) 171601 G. Dvali and G. Gabadadze, PLB 460 (1999) 47 H.Davoudiasl, et.al, PRL 93 (2004) 201301 B. Dutta, Y. Mimura, R. Mohapatra, PRL 96 (2006) 061801

5. LHC nn Low QG models New n-nbar experiment Supersymmetric Seesaw for B  L, L  R Dvali & Gabadadze (1999) Mohapatra & Marshak (1980) Dutta-Mimura-Mohapatra (2005) Non-SUSY models Left-Right symmetric GUT SUSY GUT PDK Plank scale ILL/Grenoble experiment limit (1994)

6. Bound n: J. Chung et al., (Soudan II) Phys. Rev. D 66 (2002) 032004 > 7.2  10 31 years  PDG 2004: Limits for both free reactor neutrons and neutrons bound inside nucleus Free n: M. Baldo-Ceolin et al.,  (ILL/Grenoble) Z. Phys C63 (1994) 409 with P = (t/  free ) 2 R is “nuclear suppression factor” Uncertainty of R from nuclear models is ~ factor of 2 models is ~ factor of 2 Search with free neutrons is square more efficient than with bound neutrons !

7. At ILL/Grenoble reactor in 89-91 by Heidelberg-ILL-Padova-Pavia Collaboration M.Baldo-Ceolin M. et al., Z. Phys., C63 (1994) 409 Previous n-nbar search experiment with free neutrons

8. Detector of Heidelberg -ILL-Padova-Pavia Experiment @ILL 1991   No background! No candidates observed. Measured limit for a year of running: = 1 unit of sensitivity

9. How one can improve on such state-of-the-art experiment and achieve 3-4 orders of magnitude higher sensitivity? Two major improvements: 1.Focusing of neutrons: use of larger solid angle 2.Vertical layout: compensating Earth gravity (even with weaker neutron source) (even with weaker neutron source)

10. N-Nbar search experiment idea with vertical layout at DUSEL  Dedicated small-power research reactor with cold neutron moderator  V n  1000 m/s  Vertical shaft  1000 m deep with diameter  5 m  Large vacuum tube 10  5 Pa, focusing reflector; Earth magnetic field compensation system ~ nT  Detector (similar to ILL N-Nbar detector) at the bottom of the shaft (no new technologies)  No background: one event  discovery! Not to scale The possibility of a large increase in sensitivity of the experimental search for n  anti-n transition is a central motivation of our LOI 10  5 Pa

11. TRIGA Reactor picture courtesy of General Atomics Neutron source needed: small power 3.4 MW TRIGA reactor

12. Annular core TRIGA reactor (GA) for N-Nbar search experiment Economic solution for n-nbar: annular core TRIGA reactor 3.4 MW with convective cooling, vertical channel, and large cold LD 2 moderator (T n ~ 35K). Unperturbed thermal flux in the vertical channel ~ 2  10 13 n/cm 2 /s Courtesy of W. Whittemore (General Atomics) ~ 1 ft GA built ~ 70 TRIGA reactors 0.01  14 MW (th) 19 TRIGA reactors are presently operating in US (last commissioned in 1992) 25 TRIGA reactors operating abroad (last commissioned in 2005) some have annular core and vertical channel most steady, some can be pulsed up to 22 GW safe ~ 20% EU uranium-zirconium hydride fuel Cold neutrons

13. New ANL development enhancing n-nbar search sensitivity Very Cold Neutron Source with T n ~ 2.2K (IPNS/ANL R&D project by J.M. Carpenter et al., 2005) J.M. Carpenter et al., 2005 2.2K Maxwellian

14. Soudan-II limit  ILL/Grenoble limit = 1 unit of sensitivity

15. TRIGA Cold Vertical Beam, 3 years Cold Beam TRIGA Very Cold Vertical Beam, 3 years

16. Possible impact of NNbar search at DUSEL If discovered: n  nbar will establish a new force of nature and a new phenomenon leading to the physics at the energy scale of > 10 5 GeV will provide an essential contribution to the understanding of BAU might be the first detected manifestation of extra dimensions and low QG scale new symmetry principles can be experimentally established:  (B  L)  0 If NOT discovered: within the reach of improved experimental sensitivity will set a new limit on the stability of matter exceeding sensitivity of X-large nucleon decay experiments wide class of SUSY-based models will be removed (K. Babu and R. Mohapatra, 2001) further experiments with free neutrons will allow high-sensitivity testing (L. Okun et al, 1984) (S. Lamoreaux et al, 1991)

17. Possible N-Nbar location at DUSEL/Henderson L~ 670m Ø ~ 10’ ? > 2026

18. Possible N-Nbar location at DUSEL/Henderson dia 6’  dia 20’ L ~ 580 m Avail.  2014

19.  Vertical shaft > 0.5 km deep, with dia  5 m to be instrumented  Construction access from the top and the bottom of the shaft  Location far from main underground labs  Reactor s are background for geo-neutrino studies...  Ownership of the reactor ?  Heat removal from 3.5 MW TRIGA reactor  Cryogen equipment for cold moderator  Many other things (to be discussed later) What is required for NNbar experiment at DUSEL?

20. Timeline of NNbar project development at Henderson/DUSEL  2007 Letter of Interest to DUSEL. Site non-specific/specific R&D  2008 Development of experiment proposal for NSF/DOE  2009 Proposal approval with funding agencies. CD0  2010 decision on vertical shaft enlargement  ~ 2 years of construction  ~ 3 years of running  2010-2014 TDR, reactor license, more R&D, reviews …

22. In the Supersymmetric Seesaw model describing the neutrino masses, leading N-Nbar operator was shown to have very weak power dependence on the seesaw scale i.e. 1/M 2 seesaw rather than 1/M 5 seesaw as in naive dimensional arguments. That makes N-Nbar observable within the reach of present experimental techniques. That also opens up the window for leptogenesis.

23. Proton decay is strongly suppressed in this model, but n-nbar should occur since n R has no gauge charges

24. For wide class of L-R and super-symmetric models predicted n-nbar upper limit is within a reach of new n-nbar search experiments! If not seen, n-nbar should restrict a wide class of SUSY models.

25. Quarks and leptons belong to different branes separated by an extra- dimension; proton decay is strongly suppressed, n-nbar is NOT since quarks and anti-quarks belong to the same brane.

26. Effective D = 7 operators can generate n-nbar transitions in such model.