1. Chapter 39 Gerunds and Gerundives

2. The Gerund The Gerund is a verbal noun which generally can be compared with the English –ing form. eg. running, jumping The Gerund is a verbal noun which generally can be compared with the English –ing form. eg. running, jumping It takes direct objects in the same case that the transitive verb does. It takes direct objects in the same case that the transitive verb does. It is ALWAYS in used in an ACTIVE sense. It is ALWAYS in used in an ACTIVE sense. It is always in the singular neuter. It is always in the singular neuter. It is never in the nominative case. It is never in the nominative case. It only takes the accusative with the preposition ad. It only takes the accusative with the preposition ad.

3. The Gerund When the gerund occurs in the accusative case with the preposition ad, it denotes PURPOSE. When the gerund occurs in the accusative case with the preposition ad, it denotes PURPOSE. adgredior ad probandum I’m going out in order to prove it.

4. The Gerund - Examples “I like to read books.” legere librōs mihi placet “I learn by reading books.” “I learn by reading books.” legendō librōs discō

5. The Gerund - Examples “I give orders to my soldiers.” imperō meīs mīlitibus “I know the art of giving orders to soldiers.” “I know the art of giving orders to soldiers.” nōvī artem imperandī mīlitibus

6. The Gerund - Overview Nominative – infinitive of the verb Nominative – infinitive of the verb Genitive – of reading, of loving Genitive – of reading, of loving Dative – (rare) for hiding, to searching Dative – (rare) for hiding, to searching Accusative – with ad denoting PURPOSE Accusative – with ad denoting PURPOSE Ablative – by reading, in loving Ablative – by reading, in loving

7. The Gerundive The gerundive will seem more complicated at first, however it is actually easier to recognize and read. The gerundive will seem more complicated at first, however it is actually easier to recognize and read. You must remember that the gerundive works on cross-mojo-nation. You must remember that the gerundive works on cross-mojo-nation. The gerund has the same PURPOSE use of the accusative case. The gerund has the same PURPOSE use of the accusative case. You have already seen the gerundive used to express necessity in the passive periphrastic. You have already seen the gerundive used to express necessity in the passive periphrastic.

8. Gerundive – Passive Periphrastic ūna nōx perpetua dormīenda nōbīs omnibus One eternal night must be slept by all of us. We must all sleep one eternal night. Notice that the gerundive agrees in case, number, and gender with its object.

9. The Gerundive The case of the gerundive comes from its use in the clause. The case of the gerundive comes from its use in the clause. Both the gender and number of the gerundive come from its object. Both the gender and number of the gerundive come from its object.CROSS-MOJO-NATION

10. Gerundive - Examples hanc rem tibi ūtendam dō I give this to you to use. ūtendam gets its case from its use as the direct obect and its gender and number from rem, the object of the gerundive.

11. Gerundive - Examples Had it been…. hās rēs tibi ūtendās dō I give these to you to use. ūtendās still gets its case from its use as the direct obect and its gender and number from rēs, the object of the gerundive.

12. Practice nōs ipsōs adiuvāmus aliīs adiuvandīs nōs ipsōs adiuvāmus aliīs adiuvandīs We help ourselves by helping others. We help ourselves by helping others. ille librum scrīpsit dē bellō gerendō ille librum scrīpsit dē bellō gerendō He wrote a book about waging war. He wrote a book about waging war. sapientōrēs fīmus philsophiā discendā sapientōrēs fīmus philsophiā discendā We become wise by learning philosophy. We become wise by learning philosophy. is multum tempus cōnsūmpsit in cōgitandō is multum tempus cōnsūmpsit in cōgitandō He spent a lot of time in thinking. He spent a lot of time in thinking.