1. The “ Gerundive of Obligation ” is used with a form of “sum” and called, “ The Passive Periphrastic ” ex. mihi effugendum est. “I must flee.” TRANSLATIONS: gerundive + sum = “must (be)” gerundive + eram = “had to (be)” gerundive + ero = “will have to (be)/must (be)” The Gerundive can also be used with an Infinitive in an Indirect Statement. TRANSLATION: gerundive + esse = “must” gerundive + fuisse = “had to” gerundive + futurum esse = “will have to” NOTA BENE: GERUNDIVES must MODIFY a NOUN in GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE. If is doesn’t, it is a………..

2.  DEFINITION – verbal NOUN;  TRANSLATION - “verbing”  e.g. Running is tiring.**  e.g. We love dancing !  e.g. By overeating, you get fat.  FORMS – genitive, dative, accusative, ablative… SINGULAR, 2 nd DECLENSION!!!  ex. amō, amāre, amavī, amatus – to love  Nominative – use an infinitive** (“running” is the subject i.e. Nom.)  Genitive – amandī  Dative – amandō  Accusative – amandum  Ablative – amandō  Go back to the ENGLISH examples above and determine the case for the GERUND in each sentence. ANSWERS …………………………………..

3.  1. nominative – thus an infinitive is used: currere (in Latin, we don’t have a nominative gerund so we use an infinitive instead. (ex. errare est humanum. – To Err is human. Or Making a mistake is human)  2. accusative – saltandum  3. ablative (by) – cenandō TRANSLATIONS: SAME AS NOUNS!!!! BASED ON THE CASE OF THE NOUN!!!!! PRACTICE:Translate and give the case of each gerund. 1. Betha discit faciendō. 2. Samuelus amat currendum. 3. Margareta amorem legendī habet. 4. nunc est tempus dicendō, sed ubi doceo, est tempus tacendō.