1. OBJECTIVE: IDENTIFY IMPORTANT EVENTS AND ISSUES SIGNIFICANT TO TEXAS Unit 9 Vocabulary

2. Cowboys The first cowboy was the Spanish vaquero Two-thirds were African- American (former enslaved people), Mexican-Americans (Tejanos), and women***

3. Cattle trails Developed to transport cattle to the railroads, which took them to market in northern states Led to the development of railroads and towns in less-developed areas***

4. Cattle Brought to America by the Spaniards***

5. Irrigation Artificial application of water to the soil Usually used to assist the growing of crops in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall***

6. Railroads Due to growth of the railroad in Texas people were able to travel, live, and create new business in all areas of Texas People were able to transport crops and cattle across Texas and the United States Past – to transport cattle, agricultural products and people Present – refrigerated trucks and faster rail systems transport cattle and agricultural products as well as freight***

7. Closing of the open range Fences were used to keep cattle, sheep, and goats within one’s property Changed the business of ranching to be more commercial and encouraged other types of industries to move into the area***

8. Buffalo Soldiers African American soldiers Were in the 9 th and 10 th Cavalry Were in the 24 th and 25 th Infantry Regiments stationed in Texas Former enslaved people who fought during the Indian Wars American Indians gave them this nickname for their bravery***

9. Windmills Two types: windpump and windwheel Farmers and ranchers were able to water their crops and animals, they did not have to be near a river or aquifer Past – provided water so cattle can be contained and farming can be developed Present – irrigation systems are built to be more effectively provide water for animals and farming***

10. Barbwire Prevented cattle and other animals from destroying crops Past – fenced in open range and kept cattle from braking fence Present – large commercial farms that use stronger fencing material***