1. PHYS 3446 Lecture #1 Monday Aug 30, 2010 Dr. Andrew Brandt 1.Syllabus and Introduction 2.High Energy Physics at UTA Thanks to Dr. Yu for developing initial electronic version of this class Please turn off your cell-phones, pagers and laptops in class http://www-hep.uta.edu/~brandta/teaching/fa2010/teaching.html

2. My Background+Research B.S. Physics and Economics College of William&Mary 1985 PH.D. UCLA/CERN High Energy Physics 1992 (UA8 Experiment-discovered hard diffraction) 1992-1999 Post-doc and Wilson Fellow at Fermilab -Discovered hard color singlet exchange -1997 PECASE Award for contributions to diffraction -Proposed and built (with collaborators from Brazil) DØ Forward Proton Detector -QCD Physics Convenor -Trigger Meister 1999-2004 UTA Assistant Prof.; 2004-2010 Assoc. Prof.; Today- Professor - DOE OJI, NSF MRI, Texas ARP awards for DØ FPD -2005 started fast timing work (ARP, DOE ADR) -2007 Grant on WMD detection using nanoparticles w/Dr. Chen -2008 sabbatical on ATLAS

3. Grading Only test is a Midterm: 25% –No Final –Test will be curved if necessary –No makeup tests Homework: 20% (no late homework) Lab score: 25% (details soon) Project: 20% (a look at early ATLAS data or a report/presentation on important events in particle physics?) Pop Quizzes: 10%

4. Attendance and Class Style Attendance: STRONGLY –is STRONGLY encouraged, to aid your motivation I give pop quizzes Class style: –Lectures will be primarily on electronic media The lecture notes will be posted AFTER each class –Will be mixed with traditional methods (blackboard) STRONGLY –Active participation through questions and discussion are STRONGLY encouraged

5. Physics History Classical Physics: forces, motion, work, energy, E&M, (Galileo, Newton, Faraday, Maxwell) In modern physics (Einstein, Planck, Bohr) we covered relativity, models for the atom, some statistical mechanics, and finished with a bit of discussion about the nucleus and binding energy circa 1930 when the neutron was discovered What’s new since 1930?

6. Physics History I’m going to have to respectfully disagree with you Leonard… 1937 muon discovered (who ordered that?) With advent of particle accelerators came particle zoo There was a need to classify all the new particles being discovered and try to understand the underlying forces and theory

7. Course Material Nuclear Physics –Models of atom –Cross sections –Radiation High Energy Experiment –Energy deposition in matter –Particle detector techniques –Accelerators HEP Phenomenology –Elementary particle interactions –Symmetries –The Standard Model –Beyond the Standard Model

8. High Energy Physics at UTA UTA faculty Andrew Brandt, Kaushik De, Amir Farbin, Andrew White, Jae Yu along with many post-docs, graduate and undergraduate students investigate the basic forces of nature through particle physics studies at the world’s highest energy accelerators In the background is a photo of a sub-detector of the 5000 ton DØ detector. This sub-detector was designed and built at UTA and is currently operating at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory near Chicago.

9. Structure of Matter cm Matter 10 -9 m Molecule 10 -10 m 10 -14 m AtomNucleus Atomic Physics Nuclear Physics High energy means small distances Nano-Science/Chemistry 10 -15 m u <10 -18 m QuarkBaryon Electron <10 -19 m protons, neutrons, mesons, etc.  top, bottom, charm, strange, up, down High Energy Physics (Hadron) (Lepton)

10. Periodic Table All atoms are made of protons, neutrons and electrons HeliumNeon u d u u d d Proton Neutron Electron Gluons hold quarks together Photons hold atoms together

11. What is High Energy Physics?  Matter/Forces at the most fundamental level. STANDARD MODEL  Great progress! The “STANDARD MODEL”  BUT… many mysteries => Why so many quarks/leptons?? => Why four forces?? Unification? => Where does mass come from?? => Are there higher symmetries??  What is the “dark matter”??  Will the LHC create a black hole that destroys the Earth? NO! See: http://public.web.cern.ch/Public/en/LHC/Safety-en.html

12. Role of Particle Accelerators Smash particles together Act as microscopes and time machines –The higher the energy, the smaller object to be seen –Particles that only existed at a time just after the Big Bang can be made Two method of accelerator based experiments: –Collider Experiments: p  p, pp, e + e -, ep –Fixed Target Experiments: Particles on a target –Type of accelerator depends on research goals

13. Fermilab Tevatron and CERN LHC Currently Highest Energy proton-anti-proton collider –E cm =1.96 TeV (=6.3x10 -7 J/p  13M Joules on 10 -4 m 2 )  Equivalent to the K.E. of a 20 ton truck at a speed 81 mi/hr Chicago  Tevatron pp p CDF DØ Fermilab: http://www.fnal.gov/ ; DØ: http://www-d0.fnal.gov/ CERN: http://www.cern.ch/ ; ATLAS: http://atlas.web.cern.ch/ Highest Energy (proton-proton) collider since fall 2009 –E cm =14 TeV (=44x10 -7 J/p  1000M Joules on 10 -4 m 2 )  Equivalent to the K.E. of a 20 ton truck at a speed 711 mi/hr  Currently 7 TeV collisions 1500 physicists 130 institutions 30 countries 5000 physicists 250 institutions 60 countries

14. The International Linear Collider 33km= 21mi European Design 500 GeV (800 GeV) 47 km =29 mi US Design 500 GeV (1 TeV) Long~ linear electron-position colliders Optimistically 15 years from now Takes 10 years to build an accelerator and the detectors Dr.White is co- spokesman of SiD detector

15. Particle Identification Interaction Point electron photon jet muon neutrino (or any non- interacting particle missing transverse momentum) Ä B Scintillating Fiber Silicon Tracking Charged Particle Tracks Calorimeter (dense) EMhadronic Energy Wire Chambers Magnet Muon Tracks We know x,y starting momenta is zero, but along the z axis it is not, so many of our measurements are in the xy plane, or transverse

16. DØ Detector Weighs 5000 tons As tall as a 5 story building Can inspect 3,000,000 collisions/second Record 100 collisions/second Records 10 Mega-bytes/second Recording 0.5x10 15 (500,000,000,000,000) bytes per year (0.5 PetaBytes). 30’ 50’ ATLAS Detector Weighs 10,000 tons As tall as a 10 story building Can inspect 1,000,000,000 collisions/second Recors 200 -300 collisions/second Records 300 Mega-bytes/second Will record 2.0x10 15 (2,000,000,000,000,000) bytes each year (2 PetaByte).

17. The Standard Model Current list of elementary (i.e. indivisible) particles Antiparticles have opposite charge, same mass The strong force is different from E+M and gravity! new property, color charge confinement - not usual 1/r 2 Standard Model has been very successful but has too many parameters, does not explain origin of mass. Continue to probe and attempt to extend model.

18. UTA and Particle Physics Fermilab/Chicago CERN/Geneva ILC? U.S.?

19. Building Detectors at UTA

20. High Energy Physics Training + Jobs EXPERIENCE: 1)Problem solving 2)Data analysis 3)Detector construction 4)State-of-the-art high speed electronics 5)Computing (C++, Python, Linux, etc.) 6)Presentation 7)Travel JOBS: 1)Post-docs/faculty positions 2)High-tech industry 3)Computer programming and development 4)Financial

21. My Main Research Interests Physics with Forward Proton Detectors Fast timing detectors Triggering (selecting the events to write to tape): at ATLAS must choose most interesting 300 out of up to 40,000,000 events/sec

22. DØ Forward Proton Detector (FPD) Quadrupole Spectrometers surround the beam: up, down, in, out use quadrupole magnets (focus beam) - a series of momentum spectrometers that make use of accelerator magnets in conjunction with position detectors along the beam line to measure the momentum and scattering angle of the proton Dipole Spectrometer inside the beam ring in the horizontal plane use dipole magnet (bends beam) also shown here: separators (bring beams together for collisions) A total of 9 spectrometers comprised of 18 Roman Pots Data taking finished, analysis in progress (Mike Strang Ph.D. 2006)

23. Detector Construction At the University of Texas, Arlington (UTA), scintillating and optical fibers were spliced and inserted into the detector frames. The cartridge bottom containing the detector is installed in the Roman pot and then the cartridge top with PMT’s is attached.

24. One of the DØ Forward Proton Detectors built at UTA and installed in the Tevatron tunnel Fermilab DØDØ High-tech fan Tevatron: World’s 2 nd Highest Energy Collider

25. Elastic Scattering Cross Section (FPD)

26. Single Diffractive Cross Section (FPD) Arnab Pal (UTA PhD student)

27. ATLAS Forward Protons: A (10) Picosecond Window on the Higgs Boson Andrew Brandt, University of Texas at Arlington A picosecond is a trillionth of a second. This door opens ~once a second, if it opened every 10 picoseconds it would open a hundred billion times in one second (100,000,000) Light can travel 7 times around the earth in one second but can only travel 3 mm in 10 psec Yes, I know it’s a door, not a window! 27January 12, 2010Andrew Brandt SLAC Seminar

28. Central Exclusive Higgs AFP concept: adds new ATLAS sub-detectors at 220 and 420 m upstream and downstream of central detector to precisely measure the scattered protons to complement ATLAS discovery program. These detectors are designed to run at a luminosity of 10 34 cm -2 s -1 and operate with standard optics (need high luminosity for discovery physics) Ex. The leading discovery channel for light SM Higgs, H , has a branching ratio of 0.002! You might ask: “Why build a 14 TeV collider and have 99% of your energy taken away by the protons, are you guys crazy or what??” beam p’ AFP Detector LHC magnets The answer is “or what”!—ATLAS is routinely losing energy down the beam pipe, we just measure it accurately!!! 420 m 220 m H Note: the quest for optimal S/B can take you to interesting places: 28

29. n=1n>>1 Cerenkov Effect Use this property of prompt radiation to develop a fast timing counter particle

30. Photocathode Dual MCP Anode Gain ~ 10 6 Photoelectron  V ~ 200V  V ~ 2000V photon + + e-e- Faceplate MCP-PMT Micro-Channel Plate Photomultiplier Tube (MCP-PMT)

31. Ultra-fast Timing Issues 3 mm =10 ps Radiation hardness of all components of system Lifetime and recovery time of tube Backgrounds Multiple proton timing Time resolution for the full detector system: 1. Intrinsec detector time resolution 2. Jitter in PMT's 3. Electronics (AMP/CFD/TDC) 4. Reference Timing 31January 12, 2010Andrew Brandt SLAC Seminar

32. Laser Tests Study properties of MCP-PMT’s: 1)How does timing depend on gain and number of pe’s 2)What is maximum rate? How does this depend on various quantities? 3) Establish minimum gain to achieve timing goals of our detector given expected number of pe’s (~10). Evaluate different electronics choices at the working point of our detector 4) Eventually lifetime tests ***Ongoing laser tests very useful in developing the fastest time of flight detector ever deployed in a collider experiment 32

33. LeCroy Wavemaster 6 GHz Oscilloscope Laser Box Hamamatsu PLP-10 Laser Power Supply 33 laser lenses filter MCP-PMT beam splitter mirror PTF Picosecond Test Facility featuring initial Undergraduate Laser Gang (UGLG) Undergraduate Laser Youths? (UGLY) January 12, 2010Andrew Brandt SLAC Seminar

34. Timing vs Gain for 10  m Tube Measured with reference tube using CFD’s and x100 mini-circuits amps, with 10 pe’s can operate at ~5E4 Gain (critical for reducing rate and lifetime issues) With further optimization have obtained <25 ps resolution for 10 pe’s. 34

35. 35 Timing vs. Number of PE’s No dependence of timing on gain if sufficient amplification!

36. Aside: Measuring Speed of EM Waves We noted that ground plane oscillations on reference tube were picked up by second tube Used this to do a 3% measurement of speed of light (Kelly Kjornes) 36 Moving 2 nd tube 2 feet from reference tube shifts pick-up oscillation pattern by 2.05 ns

37. New Multi-Channel Laser Setup 37January 12, 2010Andrew Brandt SLAC Seminar

38. Pre-lecture Conclusions Nuclear and Particle picks up where Modern Physics left off One of the current frontiers of physics is high energy or particle physics: very interesting (I think!) Nobel Prize possibilities Other interesting areas of physics at UTA include nano-bio physics, astrophysics, nano-magnetism, etc.

39. Summary If you are here to learn about Nuclear/Particle Physics this should be an interesting and fun class, if you are here because you need four hours of physics…. a) get out while you still can OR b) it will still be an interesting and fun class (up to you) It is an opportunity to learn about high energy physics from a high energy physicist Lab takes time, there will be reading outside of main text See me if interested in UG research project in particle physics