1. Unit 5 Sensation/Perception

2. Sensation v. Perception Sensation: activation of our senses (eyes, ears, etc.) Perception: the process of understanding sensations

3. Absolute Threshold the weakest amount of a stimulus required to produce a sensation

4. Difference Threshold The smallest change in a physical stimulus that can be detected between two stimuli. Weber’s Law - The larger or stronger a stimulus, the larger the change required for a person to notice that anything has happened to it. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wVhiezB yMSU

5. Sensory Adaptation Decreased responsiveness to stimuli due to constant stimulation.

6. OUR SENSES

7. Our Most Dominant Sense The most studied sense

8. Parts of the Eye

10. How the Eye Works 1.Light enters eye through pupil and reaches the lens. 2.The lens focuses the light on the retina. 3.Photoreceptors known as rods and cones turn the light energy into neuron impulses. 4.Neuron impulses travel along the optic nerve to the occipital lobe in the brain. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o0DYP- u1rNM

11. Rods v. Cones Rods – Sensitive to low levels of light – Basis of night vision – 75 to 150 million rods – See in black and white Cones – Require more light before they begin to respond. – Work best in daylight – 6 to 7 million cones – Sensitive to color

12. Color Deficiency Affects about 8% of American men and less than 1% American women It is a hereditary condition Caused by cones not functioning properly Most people see some colors Very few people are totally color-deficient

13. Other Common Eye Problems Astigmatism - a person's cornea is not evenly round, which causes light to focus at different distances inside the eye. When looking at an object, some parts may be in focus, while other parts are blurry. To correct this problem, the cornea must be reshaped to be more spherical, so as to correctly focus light on the retina.

14. Nearsightedness is the inability to clearly distinguish objects at a distance. This happens when a person's eyeball shape is long, causing light to focus in front of the retina. To correct this, a person must either wear glasses or reshape the cornea to be flatter so that light travels through the lens and focuses correctly on the retina.

15. Farsightedness is the inability to clearly distinguish objects up close. This happens when a person's eyeball shape is short (having too flat of a cornea), causing light to focus behind the retina. To correct this, a person must either wear glasses that cause the light to focus sooner or reshape the cornea to be more rounded so that light focuses correctly on the retina.

16. What happens if you cannot correct your vision and or you lose you vision all together?

17. The Boy Who Sees Without Eyes

18. Hearing

19. Parts of the Ear

20. How the Ear Works 1.Earflap (Pinna) directs sound waves down the auditory canal. 2.Sound waves vibrate the eardrum. 3.Hammer, anvil, and stirrup vibrate and push against cochlea. 4.Pressure against the cochlea makes the liquid inside move. 5.Tiny hairs inside the cochlea pick up the motion and turn the sound vibrations into neuron impulses. 6.The auditory nerve carries the impulses to the cerebral cortex. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxZWtc0 mYpQ

21. Deafness Conduction deafness – Bones of the middle ear become rigid and cannot carry sounds inward – Hearing aids can usually help Sensorineural deafness – Cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve is damaged. – Need a cochlear implant needed to correct deafness.

22. Smell – When gaseous molecules come into contact with smell receptors in your nose allow you to smell. – The message is then sent through the olfactory nerve to the brain.

23. Taste

24. Taste + Smell = Flavor The sensation of flavor is actually a combination of taste and smell. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fx ZWtc0mYpQ 3:33 to 4:29

25. Touch and Pain http://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=mQoS62jEvNA http://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=mQoS62jEvNA Receptors located in our skin provide information about pressure, warmth, cold, and pain. Different nerve endings respond to pressure, temperature and pain Our brain interprets the amount of change and the place of the change

26. Gate Control Theory of Pain – lessen some pains by shifting our attention away from the pain impulses http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfWO2w ciIUY

27. Vestibular Sense Tells us where our body is oriented in space. Our sense of balance. Hair cells within the semicircular canals relay information of our body orientation. When you turn your head, these canals also move. Inertia causes the fluid in the canals to resist changes in motion, which bends receptor hair cells projecting into the fluid. Over stimulation of the vestibular sense by movements such as spinning, falling, and tilting can cause dizziness and motion sickness.

28. Kinesthetic Sense Tells us where our body parts are. Receptors located in our muscles and joints send information to our brain about our limbs.

29. Perception How we organize and interpret sensory information

30. I. Principles of Perceptual Organization

31. A. Proximity When we see a number of similar objects, we tend to perceive them as groups or sets of those that are close to each other.

32. B. Continuity We tend to see continuous patterns, not disrupted ones.

33. C. Similarity When similar and dissimilar objects are mingled, we see the similar objects as groups.

34. D. Simplicity We see the simplest shapes possible.

35. E. Closure We fill in the gaps of missing information based on our previous experiences.

36. F. Figure-ground perception The ability to discriminate properly between a figure and its background. Also used for hearing. – Ex: When you are following a person’s voice in a noisy room, that persons voice is the figure and the rest of the noise is the ground.

37. Perceptual Inference The phenomenon of filling in the gaps in what our senses tell us is known. Largely automatic and unconscious

38. Subliminal Perception Subliminal messages – brief auditory or visual messages presented below the absolute threshold so that there is less than a 50% chance that they will perceive it. 1974 subliminal advertising banned https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OW9ou1kB1cU

39. Depth Perception The ability to recognize distances and three dimensionality Develops in infancy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VPaBc T1KdY&feature=player_embedded http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p6cqNh HrMJA

40. Monocular Depth Cues – Linear perspective (parallel lines appears to converge on a vanishing point) – Relative height (more distant objects are higher) – Relative size (more distant objects are smaller)

41. – Texture gradient- texture details, like roughness, diminish with distance – Light and shadows –tell us about the shape and size. Brightly lit objects appear closer. While objects in shadows appear further away. – Interposition – overlapping images lets us know which one is in front

42. Explain how the monocular depth cues are being used in this painting.

43. Binocular Depth Cues Binocular depth cues – require two eyes – Retinal disparity – the greater the difference between the images on your two retina, the closer the object – Convergence – the greater your eye muscles must strain (or converge) to focus on an object, the closer the object (notice how hard your eyes strain when you focus on the tip of your nose).

44. Perceptual Constancy the tendency of animals and humans to see familiar objects as having standard shape, size, color, or location regardless of changes in the angle of perspective, distance, or lighting. Shape Constancy- perception that shape of an object doesn’t change just because image on the retina does.

45. Perceptual Constancy Size constancy – perception that an object’s size remain the same even as the retinal image changes.

46. Perceptual Constancy Color Constancy – the perception that familiar objects have a consistent color, even if changing illuminations alter the wavelength reflected.

47. Illusions Incorrect perceptions as a result of perceptual cues being distorted so that our brains cannot correctly interpret space, size, and depth cues.