1. CHAPTER 21

2.  You’re a hard worker, but you barely earn enough money to survive. You earn 15 monetary units for a 12 to 16 hour workday, but a loaf of bread costs 1 monetary unit, a pound of meat costs 3 monetary units, and a dozen eggs cost 10 monetary units. You also pay high rent to your landlord and give 1/10 of your income to the church. Although you pay the heaviest taxes, you have no voice in the government.  How do you feel about this situation? 2

3.  France had been the most powerful and largest nation in Europe for around 100 years when the  French Revolution began in 1789  king lost power within months of its beginning  Old Regime(years prior to 1789)  The privileged estates – First Estate was clergy (less than 1%)  Second Estate was nobility (less than 2%)  The Third estate – bourgeoisie (urban middle class), city workers, artisans, rural peasants (97% of the population) 3 Section 1: The Roots of Revolution

4.  Increased population and cost of living ▪ families grew and needed more food and money  The privileged classes and the monarchy demanded higher rents and higher taxes ▪ privileged classes did not pay taxes ▪ Sometimes the poor would riot against these high prices and taxes  Bourgeoisie, peasants, and workers wanted liberty and equality ▪ Both wanted more freedom and equality 4 The Roots of Revolution

5.  Louis XVI married Marie-Antoinette to helped relations with Austria  resentment because of her spending habits  she was beheaded during the Fr. Revolution  Louis XVI tried to raise taxes and tax the upper classes who refused and rioted at times  Banks refused to loan French government more money 5 The Roots of Revolution

6.  Third Estate wanted representatives to vote as individuals  Threatened to overthrow the government ▪ calling themselves the National Assembly ▪ would meet until a constitution was written.  Louis XVI eventually agrees  Marks the real start of the French Revolution 6 The Roots of Revolution

7. 7 Hypothesize some possible outcomes of the meeting of the Estates General. What might happen if the people thought the king was resisting change and wanted to disband the Estates General meeting, perhaps by force.

8.  While Louis XVI was allowing the Estates General to meet together, he moved troops into Paris and Versailles  led to formation of a new government in Paris when General Lafayette formed a National Guard from the people  developed a red, white, and blue stripped flag to replace the old French flag  This was repeat through out France because peasants developed “Great Fear” that nobles would stop the revolution  peasants burned papers, raided manors for food 8 Section 2: The French Revolution

9.  National Assembly felt they could stop the violence with reforms  Cancelled feudal debts, services and dues peasants owed, removed privileges of the upper class  By August 4, 1789, feudalism was over in France  Adopted The Declaration of the Rights of Man  basic human rights and political powers, applied to men only  All men are equal; freedom of speech, press, religion; all men could hold office; fair trial 9 The French Revolution

10.  Reforms in government  Divided the country into 83 departments and held local elections  National Assembly took land owned from the Catholic Church and sold it to the public to pay down the debt of the country  Attempted to reform the Catholic Church 10

11.  Limited powers of king  Divided government into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial  Tax paying males voted to elect the Legislative Assembly replacing the National Assembly  Wealthy men still had most of the power  Louis XVI agreed to limit his power while secretly planning to overthrow the new government  Tried to escape, was arrested and sent back to Paris, began to want to develop a republic to replace the monarchy 11 The French Revolution

12.  The new gov’t lasted less than a year  Executive branch was weak  Legislature was inexperienced; divided into 3 groups ▪ Conservatives – felt revolution had done enough ▪ Radicals – wanted more change ▪ Moderates – no extreme view 12 The French Revolution

13.  Prussians said they would destroy Paris if the Royal family was hurt leading Commune to demand the Legislative Assembly to abolish the monarchy  Louis XVI plotted with foreign powers to overthrow Constitution of 1791  Legislative Assembly ended itself, suspended the monarchy killing many of the royal guards and imprisoning Louis and his family; 13 The French Revolution

14. What happened after the U.S. Constitution was written? How did the government function? Did any one person or small group of persons attempt to take control of the government? 14

15.  Universal manhood suffrage – every adult male could vote (land owner or not), elected delegates to the National Convention  National Convention had three main groups –  National Convention ruled France for 3 years 15 Section 3: The French Republic

16.  Committee of Public Safety –  Set up by the National Convention deal with threats of foreign invasion  Set up a Revolutionary Tribal (special court) to try enemies of the Revolution  adopted the draft, conscription – all unmarried, healthy men between the age of 18-25 were available for military service 16 The French Republic

17.  Opposition – European monarchs formed an alliance against France.  Royal and Catholic of western France fought against the Revolution  Counterrevolutionary – supported the Old Regime 17

18.  Reign of Terror  Executed enemies and those suspected of being counterrevolutionary or disloyal  Danton, felt the Reign of Terror could be relaxed while another leader, Robespierre, felt he was being disloyal and had him put to death  Robespierre – he felt he must continue the Reign, but eventually he was arrested and beheaded ending the Reign of Terror 18 The French Republic

19.  The National Convention met for 3 years 1792-1795 and made many changes  Established a committee called “Republic of Virtue” ▪ Opening new schools ▪ Establish wage and price controls to help reduce inflation ▪ Abolished slavery ▪ Encouraged religious tolerance ▪ Adopted metric system and a new calendar that failed 19 The French Republic

20.  1795-99 Napoleon Bonaparte came into the publics eye, was a general at 26  Was ambitious, energetic, organized, good manager of political and military (5ft 2in. tall)  His marriage to Josephine de Beauharnais, a leader in French society helped propel him to command of the French army fighting the Austrians just 2 days after the wedding 20 The French Republic

21.  Won victories in Italy and Austria; fought the British in Egypt where the French navy lost and he left his troops alone then hid the truth once back in France  Napoleon takes power – coup d’état (took by force) due to unstable government –  France was being allied against and was losing territory; many felt Napoleon could gain control 21

23.  Look like a republic, but was a dictatorship  People of France accepted his rule  Napoleon gave himself  unlimited power in his first 5 years as ruler  Consul was the name of the executive branch with 3 consuls and Napoleon as First Consul  He commanded the army and navy; legislature could only accept or reject his ideas  His new constitution was voted on by the people as yes or no, without suggestion – called a plebiscite- it was approved 23 The Napoleonic Era

24.  Accomplishments  Napoleonic Code – all French laws organized into a system  public education – as planned by the National Convention earlier was put into effect with high schools, universities, and technical schools ▪ Elementary education was done by churches/local gov’t  Ended the alliances and made peace with Great Britain, Austria, and Russia by 1802 24

25.  Napoleon becomes an emperor  His power is permanent and hereditary  Napoleon crowned himself, not the pope showing his power  Napoleon was planning to invade England and defeat their navy  French navy lost to England in 1805 protecting it from invasion – led by Horatio Nelson  Placed a blockade on the British Isles and stopped France and its allies from trading with Great Britain – known as the Continental System 25

26.  By 1809 Napoleon was dominating Europe  Ended the Holy Roman Empire and unified the area into the Kingdom of Italy which he controlled  Napoleon placed members of his own family as monarchs of countries he conquered  Annulled his marriage to Josephine in 1809 when they did not have a child and married Marie Louise, princess of Austria, who gave birth to Napoleon II in 1811. 26 The Napoleonic Era

27.  Czar Alexander I of Russia  ally of France  began trading with the British  Grand army-Napoleon’s army with soldiers from across the empire  600,000 marched to Russia  scorched-earth policy – burning, destroying everything (stuff the Grand Army needed)  Captured Moscow  Russians burned Moscow  2/3 of the Grand Army was lost 27 The Napoleonic Era

28.  Final defeat – Western European countries allied against France  Napoleon lost to the allied European forces in 1813 ▪ retreated to Paris  gave up the throne for him and his family  Pension and retirement ▪ Island of Elba, off the Italian coast 28

29.  Napoleon escaped Elba  turned the army against the king  ruled for one hundred days  Britain, Prussia, and Netherlands were victorious and forced him into exile and the Louis XVIII once again became king  Exile to the island of St. Helena in the Atlantic  Died in 1821 29 The Napoleonic Era

31.  The principles of the Congress of Vienna –  Compensation–pay for suffering & what they lost- indemnity  balance of power – no single nation would have to much power  Legitimacy – all previous ruling families would be restored to their thrones 31 A Return to Peace

32.  Reactionaries not only were against change, but also wanted to undo some changes.  Restored balance of power  Emphasized conservative view to prevent revolution brought on by nationalism  Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, Russia kept their alliance – Quadruple Alliance, France joined later – Quintuple Alliance  Many signed as Christians led by Alexander I of Russia called the Holy Alliance  Concert of Europe developed – form of international governance by agreement, lasting until1848. 32 A Return to Peace

33.  For 30 years after the Congress of Vienna, Prince Metternich of Austria influence the politics of Europe; he was reactionary  Underground resistance arose and with Greece winning its independence from the Ottoman empire, became evident nationalism could not be suppressed forever 33 A Return to Peace