1. Unit 5 1750-1900 Industrialization and Globalization

2. Unit 5 Themes 1. Nationalism, Revolution and Reform 2. The Industrial Revolution 3. Imperialism and Nation-State Building 4. Global Migration

3. The French Revolution

4. Causes of the French Revolution

5. The Enlightenment Political & Legal Equality (Rousseau) Personal Freedoms (Voltaire) Social Contract (Hobbes) Popular Sovereignty & Natural Rights (Locke) Global Influence of Enlightenment Values American Revolution

6. Inept Ruler? King Louis XVI

7. Q. What can you infer from the pie graphs on why a revolution occurred in France?

8. Political inequalities for Middle Class First Estate Second Estate Third Estate X X 1 Vote X= Representative

9. Financial Crisis During 1780s, 50% of revenue went to pay off debts American Revolution? Lavish lifestyle of the monarchy Series of bad harvests 1787 & 1788 Bread prices went up 50% in 1789 Need for tax reform Louis XVI hoped to raise taxes on the aristocracy Aristocracy resisted reforms Forced Louis to call the Estates-General for the first time since 1614

10. Estates General First Estate: 100,000 Catholic clergy Did not pay taxes Second Estate: 400,000 nobles Exempt from many taxes Third Estate: Rest of Population Sans-culottes – working class Provided bulk of French tax revenue

11. Discussion Questions What were the similarities between the long-term causes of the American and French Revolutions? Differences?

12. Phase I Moderate/liberal Goal- create constitutional monarchy

13. Calling of the Estates-General May 5, 1789

14. The National Assembly and Tennis Court Oath Liberty, Equality, Fraternity June 20, 1789

15. Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen Passed by the National Assembly on August 26, 1789 Not a Constitution but a statement of general principals Defines individual and collective rights Does not address women or slavery

16. Marquis de Lafayette The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen - 1789 Liberty, Equality, Fraternity June 20, 1789

17. Storming of the Bastille - Members of the 3 rd Estate took it over to gain gunpowder & free political prisoners - Importance = Symbolized the start of the revolution - France enters “Great Fear” – general revolts against Old Feudal Regime.

19. Women’s March Storming of Versailles October 1, 1789

20. 20 March on Versailles Oct. 5, 1789

21. Phase II (1792-1794) Radical Goal- a republic; eliminate monarchists and counterrevolutionaries

22. Radicals Take Control Arrest of Louis XVI August 10, 1792

23. Execution of Louis XVI January 21, 1793

24. Radical Reforms of the Jacobins Universal adult male suffrage Abolished slavery Fuels Haitian Revolution Universal military conscription Increased rights of women Could not participate in politics Attacked Catholicism Spirit of nationalism

25. 25 “Reign of Terror” 1793 - 1794

26. Reign of Terror “The first maxim of our politics ought to be to lead the people by means of reason and the enemies of the people by terror.” Led by Maximilien Robespierre According to records 16,000+ died under the guillotine Historians estimate could be as high as 40,000

27. British View of Reign of Terror

28. End of the Terror July 28, 1794 Robespierre is killed

29. Phase III (1794-1815) Conservative/reactionary Goal- To end “terror” and establish Directory

30. 30 Directory and Rise of Napoleon 1799 - 1815

31. Napoleon Bonaparte Moderate government, the Directory, rules for five years following Reign of Terror Failed to solve economic problems of France Napoleon staged a coup d'état in 1799 Becomes emperor in 1804

32. Domestic Policies of Napoleon Maintained some rights gained during the revolution Freedom of religion Napoleonic Code (Civil Code) Schools and universities Reversed other gains Rights of women Freedom of expression Reformed economy Revised tax code Central bank

33. Napoleon’s Empire

34. Napoleon’s Failed Invasion of Russia

35. Napoleon’s Empire Left: Napoleon’s Empire by 1812 Above: Napoleon’s Retreat from Russia

36. Napoleon on Elba This should NOT be a prison

37. Battle of Waterloo British and Prussians Defeat Napoleon for good

38. Napoleon Banished to St. Helena

39. Napoleon’s Downfall Could not conquer British navy Guerilla movements in Spain and Portugal Failed invasion of Russia Final defeat at Waterloo

40. Legacy of Napoleon Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French domination. Napoleonic Code – great influence on modern European legal codes Spread of nationalism in Europe German and Italian unification Greek independence

41. Legacy of the French Revolution Global Independence movements Haitian Revolution Latin American independence Triggered by Napoleon’s invasion of Spain Egypt broke away from Ottoman Empire Slave Trade and Slavery England abolished slave trade in 1807; slavery in 1833 Brazil—Last to abolish slavery (1888) Abolition of serfdom Except in Russia