5.  Protestant Union and Catholic League in Germany  Both created because people didn’t adhere to the Peace of Augsburg – which didn’t include Calvinists  Ferdinand of Syria (King of Bohemia) Bohemia consisted of Czechs and Germans, Lutherans and Calvinists, Catholics and Hugeunots – all experienced religious freedom – Ferdinand however shut down Protestant Churches  May 23, 1618 – The Defenestration of Prague – Protestants hurled 2 of Ferdinand’s officials from a castle window in Prague

8.  PHASE #1: Bohemian Phase  Civil War – Catholic League v. Protestant Union  Wanted liberty and independence from Hapsburg rule  PHASE #2: Danish Phase  Catholic leader was more interested in his own gain than in aiding the Catholic cause – dividing Catholic Forces and Making Religion a back issue in the war

9. RELIGIOUS PHASES POLITICAL PHASES 1629 – Edict of Restitution All Catholic properties lost to Protestants since 1552 were to be restored. Only Catholics and Lutherans could practice (Not Calvinists)

10.  PHASE #3: Swedish Phase  Gustavus Adolphus – along with Denmark, Poland, Finland and smaller Baltic states, entered the war on the side of the Protestants  Ended the Hapsburg ambition of uniting all German States (Louis XIII subsidized Sweden)  PHASE #4: Franco-Swedish Phase  France joined on the Protestant side of the war against the Hapsburgs

11.  1648 PEACE OF WESTPHALIA  Recognized sovereign independent authority of German Princes – 300+ Principalities – No ONE central government  Holy Roman Empire was destroyed  United Provinces of the Netherlands received its independence

12.  Denied Papacy the right to intervene in German religious affairs  Reduced role of church in European politics  Peace of Augsburg was re- affirmed and included Calvinism  This settled little:  N. Germany = Protestant  S. Germany = Catholic

13.  War was a disaster for the German Economy  Agricultural loss – land was destroyed  Population decline  Inflation created a “new serfdom”

15. PHILIP II  Expand Spanish Influence Across the Globe  Strengthen the Catholic Church  Strengthen Inquisition  Supported Catholic Reformation  Wanted his power to be ABSOLUTE

19.  Religious Intolerance  Protestants who didn’t convert were expelled  Revolt in the Netherlands - Philip battled Protestant Rebels in the Netherlands  Strengthened the Inquisition  Protestant Queen Elizabeth became Philip’s #1 Enemy

20. May 9, 1588 “The Most Fortunate Fleet” – the storm, squalls, spoiled food, rank water, inadequate Spanish ammunition, and the Spanish ships went down on the Journey Home Spain: 130 Vessels 123,790 Cannonballs 30,000 Men England: 150 ships They were smaller, faster, and more maneuverable

22. “It is well known that we fight in God’s cause. So, when we meet the English, God will surely arrange matters so threat we can grapple and board them, either by sending some strange freak of weather or, more likely, just be depriving the English of their wits. If we can come to close quarters Spanish valor and Spanish steel… will make our victory certain.”

23.  Spain rebuilt its navy – quality improved after 1588  War between England and Spain continued for years  Prevented Phillip II from unifying with Europe  1609 – Phillip III signed a truce and the Netherlands officially received its independence  Spirit of defeatism in Spain  Enhanced English National Sentiment