1. Foreign Aid The Process of Policy And Implementation

2. Monday Morning 8:15 1. Get a cup of coffee 2. Start your computer 3. Check your e-mail 4. What then?

3. Foreign Aid THE PROCESS

4. The Foreign Aid Process Office of Management And Budget (OMB) Evaluation Ex-Post Facto Evaluation Implementa- tion Pre- Implementa- tion Project Paper (PP) Project Review Paper (PRP) Project Identification Document (PID) Field of Concentration Strategy (DAPII) Country Program Strategy (DAPI) Prior Evaluation Operational Year Budget (OYB) Appropriation Congressional Presentation (CP) Budget Submissions Ongoing Projects Host Country Legis- lation Foreign Policy LDC Needs Agency Policy Global Sector Strategies Regional Strategies Research Strategy Management Objectives Financial MANAGEMENT Programming INFORMATION Management Reports Implementation SYSTEM External Needs Program SupportData Bank (CPDB, PAIS, DIS, ESDB) Personnel Administration SupportDatabase for Future Decisions, Policy Lessons Learned Evaluation Criteria Project Reporting Project Performance Tracking (PPT); Financial Reporting Planning Budgeting Design Approval Implementation Evaluation Reporting

5. Blueprint Approach to Development Planning Pilot Project Researchers Before-After Surveys Planner Administrators Target Population Evaluation Researchers Actions Project Blueprints Actual Change Versus Targeted Change Tested Models

6. The Project Cycle Analysis--collection of: Social Analysis targeted groups: women, minorities, indigenous peoples Economic Analysis--Cost Benefit Institutional Analysis Sustainability Organizational Requirements Recurrent Cost Implications Human Skills Needed Social Acceptance

7. The Project Cycle Design Identifying nature of problem and possible solutions--specific needs and desired changes Appraisal (Mandatory) data needed to prepare project plan

8. The Project Cycle Analysis--collection of: Prediction Selection of preferred alternatives

9. The Project Cycle Analysis--collection of: The Logical Framework: (LOGFRAME) If-then conditions AID moved away from logframe Was replaced by a system based on identifying Strategic Objectives, Intermediate Results, Measurable Indicators, etc. That system was recently "de-emphasized." AID mission requests for funds were tied to promises of specific results Results Framework system is "under review." The documents:

10. Source: Project Management System, Practical Concepts, Inc., Washington, DC 1979. Project Objectives Achieved 3. Evaluation2. Execution 1. Design The Project Cycle

11. Logical Framework Performance Networks Practical Concepts, Incorporated Project Objectives Achieved 3. Evaluation2. Execution 1. Design Evaluation SystemReporting System Evaluations assess performance against plans and analyze causal linkages Progress indicators and formats for communicating project information Networks display performance plans over time ACHIEVEMENT EXCEPTION Project Management System Provides Tools to Support all Stages of the Project Cycle

12. Preparation of Documents: Donor - USAID Country Strategy Paper Concept Paper Project Identification Document (PID)

13. PP (USAID) (PP = Project Paper) Program Agreement (Donor to Country) Technical Proposal (Contractor to Donor) Country Context Paper (Contractor to Country) Implementation Documents

14. The Project Cycle Implementation Carrying out actions planned Personnel local (and foreign) Physical and organizational Needs

15. The Project Cycle Monitoring and Evaluation: Linked to End of Contract and Verification of Objective indicators Understanding what has happened and assessing changes and quality of change Issue: sustainability regarding follow-on within the country and replicability from one country to another

16. Monitoring and Evaluation Nature of Data: Interview vs. survey Seat of the pants observation "the old quick and dirty" The problem of project goals: Goals are to be limited and bounded Specific activities are to be clearly defined and achieved Short run success leads to successful evaluation Short-term loop is five years

17. Monitoring and Evaluation Nature of Data: Judgment: Evaluation vs. Assessment Two views:  a. Learn from experience  b. Judge performance Problem: judgment requires clear goals, in contradiction with learning Problem: power of the expert

18. Monitoring and Evaluation Nature of Data: Evaluation is a donor requirement External activity Targets blueprint activity (CPA) Critical path analysis (Time based action) PERT chart (Project Evaluation Review Technique) very technical, programmed Evaluation often the need for more action

19. Monitoring and Evaluation Nature of Data: Evaluation as an end product: Separate from implementation Action pre-determined in design prior to evaluation Separates evaluation from the on-going activity

20. Monitoring and Evaluation Issues Problem with Evaluation concept Implementation suggests a finished product Bureaucratic action is ongoing Part of larger system with ambiguous boundaries Assessment Ongoing, part of implementation process

21. End of Project Status (EOPS) Are of great importance and are primary target of project efforts and discussion Projects are usually very complex It is common to find that no single indicator is sufficient to describe the project achievement completely

22. End of Project Status (EOPS) In determining EOPS we apply following principle: If all EOPS conditions are satisfied, then there would be no credible alternative explanation Except the purpose of the project (and the contract) has been achieved Good project design will include the conditions that demonstrate successful achievement of the Project Purpose

23. End of Project Status (EOPS) Example PROJECT PURPOSE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN OIL FIELD: Export oil EOPS 50,000 Barrels of crude/day transferred to tankers at nearest port; Quality of crude produced is competitive with that currently sold on world market. To verify, one needs a) the purity of oil, b) the world price, c) price sold, d) amount sold

24. M&E During Project Execution Design ExecutionEvaluation LOGFRAMES SPECIAL RESULTS MONITORING & EVALUATION REPORTS FINANCIAL EXECUTION PLANS (FEP) ALERT PERIODIC & MID-TERM EVALUATIONS Purpose PHYSICAL EXECUTION PLANS (PEP) M & E Plan

25. The Logical Framework NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION ASSUMPTIONS GOAL PURPOSE OUTPUTS INPUTS

26. Example of Project Objectives GOAL Illnesses caused by impure drinking water reduced. PURPOSE Hygienic practices adopted by the rural population. OUTPUTS Clean water provided to 60% of villages in Northwest Region. Health workers trained. ACTIVITIES [or Inputs] Measured in Money

27. Example of Project Objectives ACTIVITIES 1.1. Choose sites for wells. 1.2. Organize village workers 2.1. Develop curriculum. 2.2. Recruit health workers. 2.3. Conduct training.

28. The Logical Framework NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION ASSUMPTIONS GOAL PURPOSE OUTPUTS INPUTS

29. Horizontal Logic of the Logframe NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION ASSUMPTIONS GOAL PURPOSE COMPONENTS ACTIVITIES

30. The Means of Verification Hierarchy of Objectives IndicatorsSources of information Method for data collection Agency responsible for data collection, analysis, and dissemination (information producer) Method for analysis of data FrequencyApplication (expected uses) Reporting format (letter, written report, oral presentation, etc.) Circulation (expected information users) Objectives Observable Verifiable Indicators Means of Verification (MOV)

31. Horizontal Logic of the Logframe NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION ASSUMPTIONS GOAL PURPOSE COMPONENTS ACTIVITIES

32. The Means of Verification Hierarchy of Objectives IndicatorsSources of information Method for data collection Agency responsible for data collection, analysis, and dissemination (information producer) Method for analysis of data FrequencyApplication (expected uses) Reporting format (letter, written report, oral presentation, etc.) Circulation (expected information users) Objectives Observable Verifiable Indicators Means of Verification (MOV)

33. Physical Execution Plan 1. Component a. Activity b. Activity c. Activity 2. Component a. b. c... 7 units 3 units Construction Unit Technical Support Unit Component/ Activities/Tasks TimeProductResponsibility

34. Next Week Foreign aid Dealing with Donors Coping with Clients