1. CITIZENSHIP ORIGINS LIMITATIONS CURRENT SITUATION OF THE CONCEPT

2. CITIZEN IN GREECE Who was citizen? “The person who has the right to participate in deliberative or judicial office.” Aristotles, Politics III (1275b18–21) Who was excluded? Women Slaves Foreigners Children Seniors

3. CITIZEN IN THE CURRENT WORLD A citizen is a member of a political community who enjoys the rights and assumes the duties of membership. The concept of citizenship is composed of three main elements or dimensions (Cohen 1999; Kymlicka and Norman 2000; Carens 2000). Legal, defined by civil, political and social rights. Here, the citizen is the legal person free to act according to the law and having the right to claim the law's protection. Political, citizens are considered specifically as political agents, actively participating in a society's political institutions. Identity, it refers to citizenship as membership in a political community that furnishes a distinct source of identity.

4. Have we overcome the greek limitations?

5. Women More than 115 million children of primary school age do not attend school. For every 100 boys not attending primary school, there are 115 girls in the same situation. More than 130 million women and girls alive today have been subjected to female genital mutilation. Birth histories and census date reveal an unusually high proportion of male births and male children in Asia, suggesting sex-selecting foeticide and infanticide. According to a World Health Organization study, 150 million girls under the age of 18 experienced forced sexual intercourse or other forms of physical and sexual violence in 2002.

6. An estimated 14 million girls between 15-19 years old give birth every year. If a mother is under 18 her baby’s chances of dying in the first year of life is 60 percent greater than that of a baby born to a mother over 19 Every minute, a woman dies as a result of pregnancy complications, adding up to more than half-a-million women per year. In parts of Africa and the Caribbean, young women aged 15 to 24 are up to six times more likely to be infected with HIV than young men their age. High rates of illiteracy among women prevent them from knowing about the risks of HIV infection and ways to protect themselves. Elderly women may face double discrimination on the basis of both gender and age. Women tend to live longer than men, may lack control of family resources and can face discrimination from inheritance and property laws.

7. Slaves Modern day slavery is not usually associated with the West - but tens of thousands of women are trafficked there every year as sex workers and forced labourers. In Niger, slavery was only criminalised in 2003 - and the local human rights organisation Timidria estimates 870,000 people are still held in bondage there. Bonded labour in South Asia is considered the problem in modern slavery affecting the most people. The UN believes 20 million people are enslaved worldwide, the majority of whom are in South Asia. The UN commemorations are linked to the 200th anniversary of the slave revolt in Haiti in 1804. However, that did not end slavery in the country and, today, there are 200,000 children kept as restavecs (domestic slaves), mainly in the capital Port au Prince.

8. Foreigners Some 150 million men, women and even children, about three percent of the world's population, are outside their country of origin coming as strangers to the country where they reside. Women and children account for more than half of the refugees and internally displaced persons, and their proportion is increasing in the case of other categories of migrants. 96 per cent of children who work and sleep in the street are migrants about half of them girls aged between 8 and 14. According to the International Organization for migration (IOM) migrants "are more and more targeted as the scapegoats for all manner of domestic problems facing societies today, particularly unemployment, crime, drugs, even terrorism."

9. Children 1 billion children are deprived of one or more services essential to survival and development 148 million under 5s in developing regions are underweight for their age 101 million children are not attending primary school, with more girls than boys missing out 22 million infants are not protected from diseases by routine immunization 8 million children worldwide died before their 5th birthday in 2009 4 million newborns worldwide are dying in the first month of life

10. Seniors 70% of all older people now live in low or middle-income countries. They will have a much briefer opportunity to build the infrastructure necessary to address this demographic trend. In Japan, the proportion of people living in 3-generation households has fallen from 46% in 1985 to 20.5% in 2006. Since older people living alone are less able to benefit from the sharing of goods that might be available in a larger household, the risk of falling into poverty in older age may increase with falling family size. Research suggests that 700,000 to 1.2 million elderly people (ie, 4% of all adults older than 65) are subjected to elder mistreatment in the United States and that there are 450,000 new cases annually. Nearly 1,000,000 older people in sub-Saharan Africa who are estimated to have been ‘‘orphaned’’ because of VIH. In the past, they could have expected support from younger generations if they become frail and lost their independence. Now, that support will not be available.

11. Human Rights Human Rights The ethical project that can bring together citizens at all levels Human Rights are the result of an historical process. We speak of “the three generation of rights”as moments in which rights were recognised.