1. Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

2. Decline in the Medieval Church Spiritual Authority Temporal Authority Political & Spiritual Poverty  Taxing the clergy [clericis laicos] – 1296  Papal Bull [Unam Sanctam] - 1302  Marsilius of Padus [Defensor Pacis] - 1324

3.  Phillip IV claimed the right to tax the clergy  Of course, Pope Boniface VIII said no.  THE ISSUE: Control over the clergy equates to control over the church and the country.

4. Papal Bull issued by Boniface that established the belonging to the church was the only means to salvation. Naturally, the Pope is the head of the Church and therefore controls one’s salvation.

5. Rector of the University of Paris Believed that temporal authority was not subject to spiritual authority. The church should confine itself to spiritual matters. Clergy held no spiritual authority from God but merely served as administers to the affairs of the church.

6. Specific Crises 1.Schism. 2.Lay Reform. 3.Conciliarism.

7. Decline in the Medieval Church Popes Church Councils [Conciliarism] Internal Church Power  Boniface VIII  The Avignon Papacy [1309-1377]  Pisa  Constance  Basel

8.  Excommunicated Phillip IV for attempting to tax clergy.  Phillip’s response was to have the Pope arrested who then proceeded to die after he was rescued.  No pope attempted to renew the Unam Sanctam.  Phillip then pushed for the election of a French pope (successful) named Clement V and had the Papacy moved to Avignon (essentially in France).

9. The Avignon Papal Complex

10.  Residency in Avignon (72 yrs)  The belief the popes were captive of the French monarchy  113/134 cardinals elected French  Church created a super bureaucracy that took administrative powers away from the pope  New taxes on the clergy  Extravagant living by the popes (thus the need for the new taxes)

11.  Saintly demeanor and visions from God sent her to convince Pope Gregory XI to return the Papacy to Rome  Gregory agreed, returned to Rome and promptly died

12.  Pressure on the cardinals – pick a French or Italian pope?  Citizens of Rome forced the selection of an Italian pope ( Urban VI ) who then threatened to fill the college of cardinals with Italians.  French cardinals bolted, returned to Avignon, and proceeded to elect a second pope: Clement VII  The Great Schism

13.  Alliances tended to follow political loyalties  Urban and Rome: England, Germany, Scandinavia, and northern Italy  Clement and Avignon: France, Spain, Scotland, and southern Italy  The need for political support caused both popes to subordinate papal policies.  Lasted for 40 years  Damaged church finances/faith of believers

14. The Great Schism: 1378-1417

15.  Only a general council could end the Schism & reform the church  Church Law – only a pope could convene a council  Professors of Theology agreed church hierarchy or princes could convene a council  Council of Pisa (1409) – elected Alexander V. Result: 3 Popes  Council of Constance (1414-18) – waited until popes died or retired; elected Martin V

16.  The belief that a mechanical path to salvation was necessary.  Examples: Good Works, Mysticism and Lay Piety  Good Works Acts of Charity or Pilgrimages serves as a means of salvation Establishment of family chapels to pray for dead family Idea of purgatory  Mysticism immediate experience of oneness with God  Lay Piety

17.  Lay Piety  based on the teachings of Gerard Groote  People took no formal vows  Stressed the message of imitating the life of Jesus by serving others

18. Decline in the Medieval Church FAITH [Scholasticism] REASON [Roger Bacon & William of Ockham] Intellectual Inquiry  Peter Abelard [Sic et Non]  Thomas Aquinas [Summa Theologica]

19.  William of Occam (1285-1329) asserted that reason cannot be used to substantiate spiritual truths  One cannot “prove” the existence of God  God can only be known through faith  Helped create support for the sciences