1. DiFranza et al Unger et al Zoe, Jesse, Matt, Syrah

2. DiFranza et al ● SES ● Parents ● Peers ● Genetics- further research ● Advertisements

3. Design ● 681 7th grade students (12-13 years old) ● 7 different schools ● Followed over one year ● Information of tobacco use obtained through confidential interviews with children ● Nicotine dependence was measured from when they first smoked

4. Aim ● Find evidence of correlation between exposure to tobacco (and nicotine) promotion and overall use by children

5. Hypothesis ● The earlier that kids are exposed to smoking, the more likely they are to become addicted to it.

6. Social Implications ● Peer pressure to begin smoking ● Causes a higher risk of being addicted to smoking ● Socio Economic Status plays a role ● Parent’s influence

7. Psych Implications ● The earlier the age that kids start smoking at is more dangerous because they will become addicted earlier. ● Children’s brains and how they are developed.

8. Strengths and Limitations ● (-)To what extent do parental influence and SES play a role in it? ● (-)Children can lie in the interview ● (+) Seems to isolate cause and effect o Complete way of approaching hypothesis

9. Mnemonic Device K- Keep away from nicotine and cigarettes I- It hurts D- Death/Don’t start

10. Unger et al ● China ● Younger children (middle schoolers) ● Why they were influenced to smoke ● Chinese culture and how it promotes smoking

11. Design ● Surveys were given to middle school and high school students and their parents ● 6 different cities ● The survey was given again a year later

12. Aim ● Find evidence supporting which factors influence why young children (in China) begin to smoke

13. Hypothesis ● Cultural factors influence why people start smoking o Male or Female o Age o Culture  (China vs. Western Nations)

14. Social Implications ● Culturally more accepted in China ● Males were more likely than females to have smoked in the past 30 days ● Parents have big influence on their kids smoking habits

15. Psych Implications ● Compares Western Nations to China and the amount of smoking at young ages ● Males had a higher number of predictors (likelihood that they would start smoking) compared to females.

16. Strengths and Limitations ● (-) Did not factor in social situations ● (-) Did not consider the effect of multiple influences ● (+) Outlines a correlation

17. Mnemonic Device U- Underaged smokers was the focus of the study N- Not only adults G- Gender; males had a higher risk E- Everyone could be pressured R- Results showed that smoking was influenced by social situations

18. Connections (Both Studies) ● Bio: Nicotine and the addiction that affects the body ● Cog: Further research- is the brain altered more as a young child? ● Socio: Mainly focuses in on the peer pressure

19. Works Cited "Tobacco Promotion and the Initiation of Tobacco Use: Assessing the Evidence for Causality." Pediatrics. Pediatrics, 1 June 2006. Web. 1 Dec. 2014. Unger, Jennifer B. "Influences Affecting Adolescent Smoking Behavior in China." Nicotine & Tobacco Research. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, Apr. 2006. Web. 2 Dec. 2014. Research, Health Education, Theory &. Practice, Vol.14 No.6 1999, and Pages 751–7. "Attitudes toward Anti-tobacco Policy among California Youth." Attitudes toward Anti-tobacco Policy among California Youth: Associations with Smoking Status, Psychosocial Variables and Advocacy Actions 14.6 (n.d.): 751-63. Oxford Journals. Web. 2 Dec. 2014.