1. States of Matter Deformation of Solids Density and Pressure
Solids and Fluids
States of Matter
Deformation of Solids
Density and Pressure

2. Familiar States of Matter
Solids – atoms held together by ___________ forces
Crystalline has _________ structure (a)
Amorphous has __________ structure (b)
Liquids – forces do not keep atoms/molecules in fixed positions and they can _______ (c)
Gases – molecules in constant _________ motion, widely separated, and only exert ______ forces on each other
Fig. 9.2, p. 269

3. Exotic States of Matter
Plasma – like a gas but electrons are ________ from atoms
Dark Matter – _______, inferred from motion of stars orbiting centers of galaxies
Dark Energy – invisible, one explanation for rapid ___________ of universe

4. Deformation of Solids: Stress and Strain
Stress is the ______ ___ ____ _____ causing deformation
Strain is a measure of the _________ of deformation
For small stresses, stress is __________ to strain
Fig. 9.4, p. 271

5. Young’s Modulus: Elasticity in Length
Force is __________ to area A
Force is “tensile” – produces ________
Tensile ______ is L/L0
Force per unit area has units of ________ (Pa)
Y is Young’s modulus
Fig. 9.3, p. 270

6. Shear Modulus: Elasticity of Shape
Fig. 9.4, p. 271
Force is ________ to area A
Force produces ____ stress
Shear ______ is x/h
S is Shear modulus

7. Bulk Modulus: Volume Elasticity
Force _______ applied to all sides (perpendicular)
Volume ____ is P=F/A
Volume _____ is V/V
B is Bulk modulus
B is always ________
_____________ is B-1
Fig. 9.6, p. 272

8. Density and Pressure Density is mass _______ by volume
Specific gravity is ratio of density to density of _______
Pressure is ______ per unit area
In a fluid molecules are free to move so it can not sustain a _____ stress, only _____ stresses

9. Pressure Variation with Depth
Fluid at rest in container
All portions in static __________
All points at same depth at same ___________
Consider shaded volume
Fig. 9.11b, p. 279

10. Pascal’s Principle
A change in __________ applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted ___________ to every point in the fluid and the walls of the container.
Fig. 9.14a, p. 281

11. Measuring Pressure Open tube manometer Gauge pressure is P − P0
Barometer
Gives atmospheric pressure P0
1 atm equivalent to 0.76 m of Hg
Fig. 9.16, p. 283

12. Archimedes’ Principle
Buoyant force is equal to the weight of fluid ________ by an object
Objects less dense than fluid ____ (a)
Objects more dense than fluid ____ (b)
Fig. 9.19, p. 286

13. Totally Submerged Objects
Examine Newton’s 2nd Law

14. Examine Newton’s 2nd Law
Floating Objects
Examine Newton’s 2nd Law
Fig. 9.20, p. 286