1. Cardiovascular System
Blood Vessels
Heart Organization and Functions

2. Allows blood to reach tissues
Blood Vessels
Allows blood to reach tissues
Contains smooth muscle and elastic tissue
Carries blood away from the heart
Returns blood to the heart

3. Capillary Exchange
Balance of blood pressure and osmotic pressure controls flow of materials
Water, Oxygen and Nutrients leave capillary at arterial end
Diffusion of small molecules continues through middle of capillary
Water, Carbon Dioxide and Wastes enter capillary at venous end

4. Blood Return Through Veins
Skeletal muscles help return blood to the heart (skeletal muscle pump)
Valves prevent back-flow
Pressure changes in respiration also assist in moving blood through veins (respiratory pump)

5. Heart Chambers and Valves
Left Atrium
Semilunar Valves
Atrioventricular Valve
Right Atrium
Left Ventricle
Atrioventricular Valve
Right Ventricle

6. Tissues of the Heart Endocardium- lining Myocardium- muscle
Fibrous
pericardium
Endocardium- lining
Myocardium- muscle
Pericardium- outside
Layers of Heart Tissue
Visceral
pericardium

7. Cellular Structures of Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac Muscle cell
Mitochondrion
Intercalated disk: double membrane structure where cardiac muscle fibers are joined
Gap junctions of intercalated disks allow simultaneous contraction of adjacent cells

8. The Cardiac Cycle Oxygenated blood from lungs
Deoxygenated blood to lungs
Heart Relaxes; atria fill passively
Oxygenated blood to body
Deoxygenated blood from body
Atria Contract
Ventricles Contract

9. Connecting Vessels Superior Vena Cava (from upper body) Aorta
Inferior Vena Cava (from lower body)
Superior Vena Cava (from upper body)
Aorta
Pulmonary Artery (to right lung)
Pulmonary Artery (to left lung)
Pulmonary Veins (from right lung)
Pulmonary Veins (from left lung)
Descending Aorta (to lower body)

10. Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
Circulates blood through body tissues
Circulates blood through the lungs

11. Blood Vessels of the Heart
Coronary arteries (red) and cardiac veins (blue) serve heart muscle
Imaging methods can detect blockages in coronary arteries

12. Atrioventricular (AV) Node
Control of Heartbeat
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
SA Node = pacemaker, initiates atrial contraction AV Node receives signals from SA node, sends signal through Purkinje fibers for ventricles to contract simultaneously
Purkinje Fibers

13. Heart Function Heartbeat visualized with ECG Irregular heart rhythm
Semilunar
Valves Close
“dup” sound
Atrioventricular
Valves Close
“lubb” sound
Ventricular fibrillation
Atria
Contract
Ventricles
Relax
Atria
Relax
Ventricles
Contract
Irregular heart rhythm

14. Blood Pressure Blood pressure = Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure
Systolic: pressure during ventricular contraction
Diastolic: pressure during ventricular relaxation
Normal blood pressure
Is below 120/80.

15. Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
Hypertension: high blood pressure
Atherosclerosis: buildup of plaque deposits in blood vessels
Stroke: loss of blood flow to brain tissue due to blockage or bursting of blood vessel
Heart Attack: damage to heart tissue due to lack of blood flow

16. Applying Your Knowledge
Left Ventricle
Semilunar Valve
Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Atrioventricular valve
Which structure receives blood returning from the lungs?
Which structure prevents blood from flowing back into the ventricles?
Which structure pumps blood to the body (systemic) circuit?

17. 1. Transport of gases, nutrients, hormones
Functions of Blood
1. Transport of gases, nutrients, hormones
Red blood cells transport oxygen and assist in carbon dioxide transport
Red blood cells usually have a concave shape
Red blood cell from patient with sickle-cell anemia

18. 2. Defense: protection against invaders
Functions of Blood
2. Defense: protection against invaders
White blood cells engulf invaders or produce substances to fight against them
Macrophages engulf invaders
Monocytes give rise to macrophages

19. 2. Defense: protection against invaders
Functions of Blood
2. Defense: protection against invaders
White blood cells engulf invaders or produce substances to fight against them
Lymphocytes target specific invaders or infected cells
B lymphocytes produce antibodies against an invader
Antibodies mark the invader for destruction
T lymphocytes destroy body cells that are infected with the invader

20. Platelets initiate the process Clotting factors produce fibrin threads
Functions of Blood
3. Blood Clotting
Platelets initiate the process
Clotting factors produce fibrin threads
1. Blood vessel is punctured.
2. Platelets congregate and
form a plug.
Prothrombin activator
3. Platelets and damaged tissue
cells release prothrombin
activator, which initiates a
cascade of enzymatic reactions. Ca 2+
Prothrombin
Thrombin Ca 2+
Fibrinogen
Fibrin threads
4. Fibrin threads form and trap
red blood cells.
fibrin threads
red blood cell

21. Functions of Blood 4. Regulation of body temperature
plasma
55%
cells, platelets
45%
Percent by Volume
Water, 91%
Percent by Weight
Proteins, 7%
Solutes, 2% (ions,
nutrients, waste
products, gases,
hormones, vitamins)
4. Regulation of
body temperature
water/salt balance pH
Plasma is responsible for these functions.

22. Applying Your Knowledge
Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Which one regulates blood pH?
Which one fights foreign invaders?
Which one transports gases?