1. Forms of Asexual Reproduction in Plants

2. Clonal Growth (revisited) Rhizome Stolon Suckers Plantlets Bulbils

3. Fragmentation: jumping cholla

4. Agamospermy Production of seeds with no fertilization

5. Key Stages in the Life-History of a Plant Growth Flowering Pollination Seed Maturation Dispersal Dormancy Germination seed phase

6. Sexual Reproduction in Plants

7. Typical Angiosperm Lifecycle Alternation of generations Sporophyte (2n) Gametophytes (1n)

8. Typical Angiosperm Lifecycle Alternation of generations Sporophyte (2n) Gametophytes (1n) Fertilization

9. ♂ ♀ Hermaphrodites Gender Expression in Plants

10. Sequential Hermaphrodism Jack-in-the-pulpet (Arisemea triphyllum) Some plants change sex over time!

11. Distribution of Flower Types

12. Variability in Flowering Patterns Semelparity Iteroparity Flower once and die Flower many times

13. Semelparity: A closer look Annuals Biennials

14. Biennial plant Year 1 Year 2 © R. Jackson

15. Semelparity: A closer look Big bang perennials

16. Bet Hedging Big bang Vegetative reproduction

17. Semelparity vs. Iteroparity

18. Tradeoffs in Phenology of Flowering AnnualsPerennialsBig Bang Advantages Quick reproduction Protected as seed Disadvantages High environmental risk Poor competitors Special Circumstances Poor conditions for extended time periods Strong signal for breaking seed dormancy Advantages Increased size Reproduce when resources are plentiful Disadvantages Slower initial population growth Require relatively stable habitats Special Circumstances Advantages Increased fecundity* Predator satiation Disadvantages Delayed reproduction “All eggs in one basket” Special Circumstances Can succeed in situations with high stress, low resources Better competitor* * (vs. annuals) Unpredictable resource for seed predators

19. A Majority of Plants are Iteroparous Perennials

20. Key Stages in the Life-History of a Plant Growth Flowering Pollination Seed Maturation Dispersal Dormancy Germination seed phase

21. The Ecology of Pollination Passive Modes Wind Pollination Pollination via water

22. General Considerations Regarding Passive Modes of Pollination Requires high levels of pollen production Little energy expended on producing intricate flower structures Most effective for plants growing at high density Risky at low density due to low probability of success

23. Dispersal Profiles for Wind Born Pollen Plantago lanceolata

24. Active Modes of Pollen Delivery: Directed Pollination Insects Birds BatsBats

25. Costs Incurred in Employing Pollen Vectors Rewards Fragrance Nectar Pollen Advertising Flower color Flower shape Fragrance Bottom line: Pollinators benefit from the incentives provided; not from the services they give to plants Bottom line: Pollinators benefit from the incentives provided; not from the services they give to plants  There are some cheaters!

26. Movement of Pollen by an Animal Vector Only measures first visit