1. 1 CRANDEM: Conditional Random Fields for ASR Jeremy Morris 11/21/2008

2. 2 Outline Background – Tandem HMMs & CRFs Crandem HMM Phone recognition Word recognition

3. 3 Background Conditional Random Fields (CRFs)  Discriminative probabilistic sequence model  Directly defines a posterior probability of a label sequence given a set of observations

4. Background Problem: How do we make use of CRF classification for word recognition?  Attempt to use CRFs directly?  Attempt to fit CRFs into current state-of-the-art models for speech recognition? Here we focus on the latter approach  How can we integrate what we learn from the CRF into a standard HMM-based ASR system? 4

5. 5 Background Tandem HMM  Generative probabilistic sequence model  Uses outputs of a discriminative model (e.g. ANN MLPs) as input feature vectors for a standard HMM

6. 6 Background Tandem HMM  ANN MLP classifiers are trained on labeled speech data Classifiers can be phone classifiers, phonological feature classifiers  Classifiers output posterior probabilities for each frame of data E.g. P(Q|X), where Q is the phone class label and X is the input speech feature vector

7. 7 Background Tandem HMM  Posterior feature vectors are used by an HMM as inputs  In practice, posteriors are not used directly Log posterior outputs or “linear” outputs are more frequently used  “linear” here means outputs of the MLP with no application of the softmax function to transform into probabilities Since HMMs model phones as Gaussian mixtures, the goal is to make these outputs look more “Gaussian” Additionally, Principle Components Analysis (PCA) is applied to features to decorrelate features for diagonal covariance matrices

8. 8 Idea: Crandem Use a CRF classifier to create inputs to a Tandem-style HMM  CRF labels provide a better per-frame accuracy than input MLPs  We’ve shown CRFs to provide better phone recognition than a Tandem system with the same inputs This suggests that we may get some gain from using CRF features in an HMM

9. 9 Idea: Crandem Problem: CRF output doesn’t match MLP output  MLP output is a per-frame vector of posteriors  CRF outputs a probability across the entire sequence Solution: Use Forward-Backward algorithm to generate a vector of posterior probabilities

10. 10 Forward-Backward Algorithm The Forward-Backward algorithm is already used during CRF training  Similar to the forward-backward algorithm for HMMs  Forward pass collects feature functions for the timesteps prior to the current timestep  Backward pass collects feature functions for the timesteps following the current timestep  Information from both passes are combined together to determine the probability of being in a given state at a particular timestep

11. 11 Forward Backward Algorithm

12. 12 Forward-Backward Algorithm This form allows us to use the CRF to compute a vector of local posteriors y at any timestep t. We use this to generate features for a Tandem-style system  Take log features, decorelate with PCA

13. 13 Phone Recognition Pilot task – phone recognition on TIMIT  61 feature MLPs trained on TIMIT, mapped down to 39 features for evaluation  Crandem compared to Tandem and a standard PLP HMM baseline model  As with previous CRF work, we use the outputs of an ANN MLP as inputs to our CRF  Various CRF models examined (state feature functions only, state+transition functions), and various input feature spaces examined (phone classifier and phonological feature classifier)

14. 14 Phone Recognition Phonological feature attributes  Detector outputs describe phonetic features of a speech signal Place, Manner, Voicing, Vowel Height, Backness, etc. A phone is described with a vector of feature values Phone class attributes  Detector outputs describe the phone label associated with a portion of the speech signal /t/, /d/, /aa/, etc.

15. 15 Phone Recognition

16. 16 Phone Recognition - Results Phonological feature attributes  Detector outputs describe phonetic features of a speech signal Place, Manner, Voicing, Vowel Height, Backness, etc. A phone is described with a vector of feature values Phone class attributes  Detector outputs describe the phone label associated with a portion of the speech signal /t/, /d/, /aa/, etc.

17. 17 * Significantly (p<0.05) improvement at 0.6% difference between models Results (Fosler-Lussier & Morris 08) ModelPhone Accuracy PLP HMM reference68.1% Tandem (61 feas)70.6% Tandem (48 feas)70.8% CRF (state)69.9% CRF (state+trans)70.7% Crandem (state) – log71.1% Crandem (state+trans) – log71.7% Crandem (state) – unnorm71.2% Crandem (state+trans) – unnorm71.8%

18. 18 * Significantly (p≤0.05) improvement at 0.6% difference between models Results (Fosler-Lussier & Morris 08) ModelPhone Accuracy PLP HMM reference68.1% Tandem (105 feas)70.9% Tandem (48 feas)71.2% CRF (state)71.4% CRF (state+trans)71.6% Crandem (state) – log71.7% Crandem (state+trans) – log72.4% Crandem (state) – unnorm71.7% Crandem (state+trans) – unnorm72.4%

19. 19 Word Recognition Second task – Word recognition  Dictionary for word recognition has 54 distinct phones instead of 48, so new CRFs and MLPs trained to provide input features  MLPs and CRFs again trained on TIMIT to provide both phone classifier output and phonological feature classifier output  Initial experiments – use MLPs and CRFs trained on TIMIT to generate features for WSJ recognition Next pass – use MLPs and CRFs trained on TIMIT to align label files for WSJ, then train MLPs and CRFs for WSJ recognition

20. 20 * Significant (p≤0.05) improvement at roughly 1% difference between models Initial Results ModelWord Accuracy MFCC HMM reference90.85% Tandem MLP (54feas)90.30% Tandem MFCC+MLP (54feas)90.90% Crandem (54feas) (state)90.95% Crandem (54feas) (state+trans)90.77% Crandem MFCC+CRF (state)92.29% Crandem MFCC+CRF (state+tran)92.40%

21. 21 * Significant (p≤0.05) improvement at roughly 1% difference between models Initial Results ModelWord Accuracy MFCC HMM reference90.85% Tandem MLP (98feas)91.26% Tandem MFCC+MLP (98feas)92.04% Crandem (98feas) (state)91.31% Crandem (98feas) (state+trans)90.49% Crandem MFCC+CRF (state)92.47% Crandem MFCC+CRF (state+tran)92.62%

22. 22 * Significant (p≤0.05) improvement at roughly 1% difference between models Initial Results ModelWord Accuracy MFCC HMM reference90.85% Tandem MLP (WSJ 54)90.41% Tandem MFCC+MLP (WSJ 54)92.21% Crandem (WSJ 54) (state)89.58%

23. 23 Word Recognition Problems  Some of the models show slight significant improvement over their Tandem counterpart Unfortunately, what will cause an improvement is not yet predictable  Transition features give slight degredation when used on their own slight improvement when classifier is mixed with MFCCs  Retraining directly on WSJ data does not give improvement for CRF Gains from CRF training are wiped away if we just retrain the MLPs on WSJ data

24. 24 Word Recognition Problems (cont.)  The only model that gives improvement for the Crandem system is a CRF model trained on linear outputs from MLPs Softmax outputs – much worse than baseline Log softmax outputs – ditto This doesn’t seem right, especially given the results from the Crandem phone recognition experiments  These were trained on softmax outputs  I suspect “implementor error” here, though I haven’t tracked down my mistake yet

25. 25 Word Recognition Problems (cont.)  Because of the “linear inputs only” issue, certain features have yet to be examined fully “Hifny”-style Gaussian scores have not provided any gain – scaling of these features may be preventing them from being useful

26. 26 Current Work Sort out problems with CRF models  Why is it so sensitive to the input feature type? (linear vs. log vs. softmax)  If this sensitivity is “built in” to the model, how can I appropriately scale features to include them in the model that works? Move on to next problem – direct decoding on CRF lattices