1. Broken Symmetry: W, Z and Higgs Bosons at D0 The Collider Experiments High Energy Group

2. Outline Physics introduction W mass measurement Higgs boson searches Our group What do grad students do? –Atlas or D0. Which is right for you?

3. What’s the Physics Motivation? The goal of particle physics is to understand the universe at the smallest distances and, equivalently, the highest energies. And now a (partial) picture, the standard model… including an H (not shown)

4. What’s the Physics Motivation? Many talks begin with “The standard model is extremely successful”, and it is. Interestingly, the SM is a gauge theory and therefore has matter particles (fermions) interacting via force carrier particles (gauge bosons: , W, Z). and minimal gauge theories require the bosons to be massless, e.g. m  = M W = M Z = 0. but we know from experiment, m  = 0 M W = 80.399 +- 0.025 GeV, M Z = 91.1876 +- 0.0021 GeV  electroweak symmetry is broken (EWSB)

5. How is this dealt with? Introduce a new scalar field (particle) into the theory. When put in properly, gauge invariance is maintained, and (some) bosons must get mass. This is the Higgs mechanism nice theory, but the Higgs boson has not been found! Is it right? We are working on two areas directly related to understanding this symmetry breaking and the Higgs mechanism: 1. Measuring the W boson mass, 2. Searching for the Higgs

6. W mass measurements In the absence of Higgs discovery –Use internal consistency of the S.M. to constrain m H. Biggest uncertainty from M t, M W … W W t b W W H W In SM, M W /M Z = cos  W sin  W = f(G F,a EM,M Z,  R)  R = c 1 (M t /M Z ) 2 + c 2 ln(M H /M W )

7. And these constraints give

8. Experimental issues: W-> ev –It’s true that, M 2 = (E e +E v ) 2 – (p e +p v ) 2, but.. Electron MET Measuring the W mass

9. –We cannot measure neutrino. Infer from momentum conservation, but –We cannot constrain p v along beam Protons are bags of quarks, not fundamental… Instead measure p T e, p T v, m T and infer M W –We cannot analytically predict these distributions, need a simulation Much of the work goes into developing simulation Use data control samples to calibrate “T” subscript means perp. to beam

10. Luckily, there’s the Z boson Z->ee, so can measure mass directly –Use this to calibrate our simulation

11. But many other effects Trigger… e identification What happens with W p T ? (“recoil”) Beam luminosity increasing… W (and Z) production details… Bremstrahlung… … This is a measurement at roughly 1 part in 5000. Everything must be done extremely thoroughly

12. Does the W p T matter? g The recoil resolution and model affects the p T v and m T variables!

13. We can test our simulation using Z’s… The Z p T is very well measured from the ee pair. For W, we cannot do this and must use “rest” of the detector. This plot compares the “rest” in Z events to the well measured ee pair in Z events…

14. Measuring the W mass Having tuned up the simulation, what do we see? http://www-d0.fnal.gov/Run2Physics/ WWW/results/prelim/EW/E27/

15. Measuring the Mass Our brand new result: Uncertainties: M W = 80.401 +- 0.044 GeV Limited by stats in control samples! The world’s best measurement

16. Measuring the Mass Where to now? –Beginning next round with 4x the data. Finish in <1 yr if all goes well. –Then on to the final version with full data, at least another 2x improvement Finish in 2012/13? Expect to share the world’s best measurement for 10 years (or forever?) –Room for a student to work on this. A great thesis topic!

17. But, really, just Find the Higgs! or whatever is responsible for EWSB –This is a major component of the current D0 research program –Many people, but still many opportunities Unlike W mass, Higgs is very low S/B –The whole issue is needles in haystacks –Better look in all the possible haystacks What is already known?

18. What do we know? Reminder from earlier m H > 114 GeV, but also probably m H < 160 GeV (or so)

19. At D0: Lots of stuff in the way… BF Rates for different processes

20. And then the Higgs WH:e/  bb  bb qq’  e/  W(e/  )W(e/  ) ZH:ee/  bb bb  bb qq  ttH: l b qq’b bb gg → H:W(e/  )W(e/  ) gg  (+ 2 jets) WW → H:  (+ 2 jets) Two regimes: m H bb, needs additional info m H > 135 GeV: H->WW/ZZ, stands alone

21. Low Higgs Mass, m H < 135 GeV Cannot get sufficient S/B with only Higgs, so add something else at a price in rate EVENT DISPLAY q q W/Z H b b l, l,, l, time

22. Low Mass (con’t) Use the W or Z as a “tag” to reject background: –W->lv or Z->ll, vv –Look for lepton, or missing energy or both, and then also for the Higgs decay –But don’t see bb quarks. –See “jets”, or streams, of particles –Reconstruct Higgs mass (limited res.)

23. Mass Reconstruction (con’t) Do you see the Higgs? I don’t…

24. Low Mass Use advanced computing techniques –H matrix, neural nets, boosted decision trees, … As well as physics insight –Better resolution (Strauss…)

25. High Mass, m H > 135 GeV Here, H->WW, then W  l v with l =e,  –Very low backgrounds primarily straight WW from SM Different spin structure, so use angles, p T ’s –Very low rate, so need efficiency! q q t t H t W W l l’,

26. High Mass (con’t) But it’s still difficult!

27. High Mass (con’t) So, again, be smarter

28. And where we stand now

29. What next? Will continue to add data. 3x more? And improve analysis techniques We are doing much more than simply adding data. Getting smarter all the time

30. An aside about Fermilab & D0 Fermilab Tevatron –ppbar accelerator – E CM = 1.96 TeV – 60% through running – Near Chicago D0 – detector at FNAL – broad purpose HEP program; 600 collabs. Both Tevatron and D0 are running very well…

31. 1/5 of “official” D0

32. Our SBU D0 Group People –3+ faculty Grannis, Hobbs, McCarthy, Rijssenbeek –2+ post docs (long term) –2-4 graduate students Not shown: RM, MR

33. Students? Typically, reside at FNAL –After 2 years for classes –+3 years for thesis Technical work –shifts, computing, detector hardware Thesis analysis –Start with a small, self-contained study –and apply it to an analysis and complete the full analysis on a given data set

34. Students? Analysis groups include collaborators at other institutions (e.g. W mass) so although D0 is big, really work with 4-10 people on a daily basis. About eight of these folks are finishing working on this topic (graduating, new job, other exp.)

35. Recent History We’ve had or are about to have –6 theses on Higgs (or related topics) Zdrazil, Mutaf, Dong, Desai, Herner, Strauss –2 theses on W mass Guo, Guo And both topics are going strong at D0 for another 3-4 yrs.

36. SBU: Atlas or D0 Both are very interesting, and faculty in both. Which one? –Personal choice Why D0? long-term important science running very well! “guaranteed” timeline interested in detailed work at a mature exp. stay in U.S. Why Atlas (see earlier talk)? the up-and-coming thing; brand new, so learn how detector really works highest energies ever, so good discovery potential. live in France/Switzerland

37. Summary The D0 experiment is doing fundamental work, and SBU towards EWSB study –W boson mass –Higgs search to illuminate basic issues at the interface of theory and experiment –Do gauge theories really work as we think? –What is the structure of matter and the interactions that govern it?