1. Excluded from Reform Chapter 21 Section 4

2. Prejudice and Discrimination  discrimination – unequal treatment because of race, religion, ethnic background, or place of birth  Springfield, Illinois – location of a racial riot Anti-Catholicism  American Protective Association – spread rumors that Catholics were preparing to take over the country Anti-Semitism  Landlords, employers, and schools discriminated against Jews

3. Anti-Asian Policies  California would not allow the Chinese to become citizens  1907, Roosevelt passed the Gentlemen’s Agreement with Japan, restricting Japanese immigration In 1913, California made it illegal for Japanese immigrants to buy land Discrimination against African Americans  African Americans faced discrimination in the South AND the North  1896 – Plessy v. Ferguson – legalized “separate but equal” facilities  Ku Klux Klan – wanted to restore America to white and Protestant, against African Americans, Catholics, Jews, and other immigrants

4. Racial Violence  People who lost their jobs in the late 1800s and early 1900s blamed African Americans leading to thousands of lynchings (hangings) Struggle for Equal Opportunity  Booker T. Washington – born in slavery, taught himself to read, founded Tuskegee Institute  National Negro Business League – founded to promote business development among African Americans  Up From Slavery – Booker T. Washington’s autobiography  Washington believed that equality would be achieved when African Americans gained education and skills

5. African American Women Take Action  Ida B. Wells – wrote about lynching in her book A Red Record Other Successes  George Washington Carver – helped improve economy in the South through discoveries of plant products  Maggie Lena – first American woman to serve as a bank president

6. Native Americans Seek Justice  Society of American Indians – formed to seek justice for Native Americans  Dr. Carlos Montezuma – exposed government abuse of Native American rights Mexican Americans Work Together  Mutualistas – self-defense associations  barrios – poor Mexican neighborhoods