1. Outer Europe

2. Scandinavia Denmark –Richest region of Scandinavia –Harald Bluetooth (958-87): baptized –Svein (987-1014) conquered England –Cnut Sweden Norway –Harald Finehair (d. 932) –Olaf Tryggvason (995-1000) –Olaf Haraldsson (1015-30)

3. Vikings St. Olaf: Christianized Norway Ruled with aristocracy Assemblies Raiders/Traders Ship Technology Infiltrated river systems Normandy

4. Slavs Peoples named Sclaveni/Sclavi by Latins, Greeks Language Common culture: archeological elements –Small villages, houses –Absence of social hierarchy –Cremation burials Tribal culture, only temporary alliances

5. Slavs: attempts at hegenomies Turkic groups: –Huns –Avars –Bulgars Non-Turkic groups: –Hungarians –Rus Origianlly Swedish settlers Western Sclavenians –Moravia –Bohemia –Poland

6. Britain and Ireland Wales Sense of cultural unity Relationship with English Scotland Core kingdom Little documentation Ireland Best documented Tribal kingdoms No solid hegemonies

7. Christian Spain Asturias –Visigothic tradition –Tribal Pamplona, or Navarre –Partly Basque

8. Conclusions Similarities: –No stable power –Move to increase power in response to forces surrounding them By 1000: “Recognizable polities had crystallized in most places in Europe”