1. Life Cycle CO2 emissions for various vehicles and pathways ZEV 2013 E100 Ethanol Group – San Leandro, CA www.E100EthanolGroup.com California Air Resources Board October 24, 2013

2. Sao Paolo, Brazil Shell pump – two grades of gasoline, one of E100. ~80% of new cars sold in Brazil can run on E100.

3. Vehicle lbs CO2 emitted to life-cycle lbs of CO2 manufacture and use fuel* emitted per mile Chevy Equinox – 26 mpg (combined) on gasoline 24.2 per gal gasoline 0.931 Honda Civic CNG – 4.84 miles per lb of NG 3.234 per lb NG 0.668 Chevy Volt – 37 mpg (combined) on gasoline** 24.2 per gal gasoline 0.654 Toyota Fuel Cell – 23 miles per lb of hydrogen 13.1 per lb H2 0.570 Chevy Volt – 100 miles per 35 KWHr** 1.29 per KWHr*** 0.452 Nissan Leaf - 100 miles per 29 KWHr** 1.29 per KWHr*** 0.374 E100 1 – 26 mpg (combined) on ethanol - corn 9.44 per gal ethanol 0.363 E100 – 26 mpg (combined) on ethanol - switchgrass -1.60 per gal ethanol -0.061 E100 – 26 mpg (combined) on ethanol - corn stover -1.11 per gal ethanol -0.081 * From GREET v1.0.0.8376 (Argonne National Lab) ** From fueleconomy.gov *** Standard U.S. mix 1 – 98/2/10ppm ethanol/iso-propanol/denatonium benzoate – CDA approved as motor fuel per 27CFR19.1005

4. Summary Use E100 for 50% of light duty vehicles Current ZEV regulations for other 50%.

5. Back up Slides

6. What is E100 ? 98/2 mixture of ethanol/iso-propyl alcohol with10 ppm DNB (CDA, Approved as motor fuel in the USA, Title 27 CFR19.1005) E0 - Pure gasoline E98 – 98/02 blend of ethanol and gasoline Gasoline Free Ethanol What is an E100 engine ? Smaller than gasoline at the same power level, i.e. 1.4L instead of 1.8L Direct Injection Turbo charged Variable Compression Ratio

7. Formula: (from Jeongwoo Han) GREET v 1.0.0.8376 Total CO2 emissions = (CO2) +( VOC*0.85+CO*0.43)/0.27 - (Biogenic CO2). 0.85, 0.43 and 0.27 are the C content of VOC, CO and CO2, respectively. Pathway 1. 1 gal Ethanol from corn (dry and wet mix): CO2 4.273 kg VOC 4.831 g *.85 = 4.106/.27 = 15.209 g CO2 CO 2.779 g *.43 = 1.195/.27 = 4.426 g CO2 Biogenic CO2 -5.719g Total CO2 emissions: 4,273 + 15.2 + 4.4 -5.7 = 4286.9/454 = 9.44 lbs making ethanol from corn. Pathway 2. 1 gal Ethanol from corn stover: CO2 6.044 kg VOC 3.641 g *.85 = 3.095/.27 = 11.46 g CO2 CO 6.206 g *.43 = 2.669/.27 = 9.88 g CO2 Biogenic CO2 -6.568 kg Total CO2 emissions: 6,044 + 11.5 + 9.9 -6,568 = -502.6/454 = -1.11 lbs making ethanol from corn stover. Pathway 3. 1 gal Ethanol from switchgrass : CO2 5.541 kg VOC 3.517 g *.85 = 2.989/.27 = 11.07 g CO2 CO 6.005 g *.43 = 2.582/.27 = 9.56 g CO2 Biogenic CO2 -6.287 kg Total CO2 emissions: 5,541 + 11.1 + 9.6 -6,287 = -725.3/454 = -1.60 lbs making ethanol from switchgrass. Pathway 4. 1 lb Gaseous hydrogen by tube trailer from natural gas: CO2 5.968 kg VOC – negligible CO – negligible Biogenic CO2: -12.59 grams Total CO2 emissions: 5,968 -12.6 = 5955.4/454 = 13.1 lbs of CO2 to make 1lb of hydrogen. Pathway 5. 1 Whr electricity U.S. mix: CO2 592.368 mg VOC – negligible CO – negligible Biogenic CO2 -6.349 mg Total CO2 emissions: 592.368 mg -6.349 mg = 586 mg =.586 g/454 =.0012907 lbs * 1000 = 1.29 lbs per KWhr. Pathway 6. 1 gal conventional gasoline from crude oil: CO2 1.893 kg VOC – 3.111 g *.85 = 2.644/.27 = 9.8 g CO – 5.382 g *.43 = 2.31/.27 = 8.6 Biogenic CO2 -3.596 g Total CO2 emissions: 1,893 + 9.8 + 8.6 – 3.6 = 1907.8/454 = 4.2 lbs per gallon gasoline