1. Motivation and Emotion Chapter 6

2. Biological Motives The Biology of Motivation Drive Reduction Theory

3. The Biology of Motivation Homeostasis the tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations from their normal state

4. Hunger Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) when stimulated animals begin eating if removed animals stop eating and starve to death

5. “go” signal Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) when stimulated animals slow or stop eating if removed animals eat everything

6. “stop” signal Affected by temperatures LH by cold VMH by warm

7. Glucostatic Theory Hypothalamus monitors glucose in the blood

8. Pancreas  insulin- calories to energy  glucogon- converts stored energy back to useful energy Set point- day to day weight

9. Obesity Stanley Schachter Obese people respond to external cues “Taste Test”  crackers and almonds

10. Overweight people respond to external cues Normal weight people respond to internal cues Anxiety and depression are not a cause of overeating  occur just as frequently

11. Drive Reduction Theory Clark Hull Physiological needs drive an organism to act in either random or habitual ways until its needs are satisfied All human motives are extensions of basic biological needs

12. Harry Harlow Some experiences are inherently pleasurable but don’t reduce biological drives Drive for stimulation as plausible as a drive to reduce stimulation

13. Social Motives Measuring the Need for Achievement Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

14. Social Motives Henry Murray Theory of personality includes 16 basic needs Mostly social motives rather than biological needs

15. Measuring the Need for Achievement David McClelland Interested in finding a quantitative way of measuring social motives

16. Thematic Appercetion Test (TAT) series of pictures stories made up for pictures coded for themes and scored according to relevance to various types of needs

17. coders agree 90% of the time 1947 test group  more entrepreneurs scored high than nonentrepreneurs

18. Fear of Success Marina Horner Tested 89 men and 90 women “After first term finals, John/Anne finds himself at the top of his medical school class”

19. Men- 90% wrote success stories Women- 65% predicted doom for Anne Identified a motive to avoid success Female success was odd and unfeminine

20. Could mean failure as a woman if successful in a traditionally male field Later research hard to define success seen in males and females 45% of men and 49% of women

21. Other Theories Expectancy-value Theory likelihood of success what the goal is worth to you

22. Competency Theory to prove and improve our competency we choose moderately difficult tasks where both successes and failures may be instructive

23. ring-toss game

24. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

25. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Fundamental Needs biological drives, safety, security Psychological Needs belong and receive love, acquire self-esteem through competence and achievement

26. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-actualization Needs pursuit of knowledge and beauty, realization of one’s unique potential Research does not support that one need must be satisfied before another can be

27. Emotion Expressing Emotions: Innate and Learned Behavior Physiological Theories Cognitive Theories

28. Emotion Difference in biological drives and emotions both involve changes in physiological state source of behavior or feelings involved with behavior May drive us to act May serve as incentive for action

29. Expressing Emotions: Innate and Learned Behavior Ekman and Friesen photo study to recognize facial expressions Facial expressions are innate Blind/Deaf children laugh, pout, frown, clench fists

30. Carroll Izard coding system for assessing emotional states in people 10 different states used to study expressions in infants

31. James Averill can’t separate thoughts and actions from experience of emotions from social expectations or consequences Differences among cultures

32. Physiological Theories William James we associate feelings with energy, tension, relaxation, and sensations in our stomach James-Lange Theory Cannon-Bard Theory

33. James-Lange Theory Use emotion to describe our “gut” reactions to the things that take place around us Emotions are the perceptions of certain bodily changes Izzard and feedback from facial muscles

34. Cannon-Bard Theory Evidence against James-Lange physiological changes occur when people are not experiencing emotions injecting a drug does not change emotions though it changes physical properties

35. Cannon-Bard Theory Internal state of body changes slowly, not like the “rush” of emotions we sometimes get

36. Cannon-Bard Theory Cannon called the thalamus the seat of emotion Theory says certain experiences activate the thalamus, and it sends signals simultaneously to the body and the brain

37. Cognitive Theories Bodily changes and thinking work together to produce emotions Feelings depend on how you interpret your symptoms

38. Cognitive Theories The Schachter-Singer Experiment Opponent-Process Theory Lie Detection

39. The Schachter-Singer Experiment Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer “Testing the effects of vitamin C on eyesight” Adrenalin injection Four Groups

40. Informed Group- truth (hearts race and bodies tremble) Misinformed Group- make numb Uninformed Group- not told anything Control Group- received neutral injection without symptoms and told nothing

41. Taken to waiting room Accomplice wild and crazy with offensive questionnaire became more and more angry

42. Results groups 1 and 4 watched with mild amusement groups 2 and 3 joined in with the accomplice Internal components of emotion affect a person differently depending on perception of the social situation

43. Opponent-Process Theory Homeostatic theory of emotional reactions Richard Solomon and John Corbit Any intense emotion, with repeated exposure, will bring about an internal counterforce

44. Lie Detection