2. Single most persistent sources of political conflict has been relations between national & state governments

4. Decentralize administrative burdens of governing Local units exist independent of the preferences of National Gov. & make some independent decisions

5. Local governments can be altered or even abolished by the national government and cannot plausibly claim to have final authority over any significant government activities

6. Protected by: Constitution Habits, preferences and dispositions of the citizens =TRADITION

7. Pro - Federalism Subnational governments set precedent Subnational governments have taken lead in protecting environment, etc.

8. Reasonable chance of having a practical effect Widespread opportunities for political participation

9. Condemns Federalism Prolonged slavery

10. Increased political activity Decentralization of POWER

12. National government derives its powers from the states Articles of Confederation

13. “the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people

14. Thomas Jefferson – State Government Alexander Hamilton – Federal Government

15. “ The powers delegated by the proposed Constitution to the federal government are few and defined. Those which are to remain in the State governments are numerous and indefinite” James Madison

16. National Supremacy v. State Rights National Government is supreme

17. National Supremacy confirmed by McCulloch v. Maryland Necessary and Proper Clause –Congress can pass all laws that are necessary and proper to its duties –Congress can exercise powers not specifically given to it

18. States can declare “null and void” a federal law that the states’ believed violated Constitution Jefferson and Madison States cannot do this today

20. National Government supreme in their sphere State Government supreme in their sphere KEPT SEPARATE Commerce Clause

21. Interstate v. Intrastate commerce Eleventh Amendment –Protects states from lawsuits by citizens of other states or foreign nations

22. Police Power: state power to enact laws promoting health (vaccinations), safety (law enforcement), and morals.

23. InitiativeInitiative : process that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot DIRECT DEMOCRACY Signatures 5-15%

24. Referendum:Referendum: voters reject measure passed by legislature

25. RECALL: (20 states) voters remove elected official from officeRECALL: (20 states) voters remove elected official from office

28. Money given by the National Government to the states Has continued to grow Washington pay bills state runs programs