1. EARTH SCIENCE Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens 

2. Determining Location 1.3 Representing Earth’s Surface  Latitude and longitude are lines on the globe that are used to determine location. Latitude is distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees. Longitude is distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees. The Prime meridian runs through Greenwich, England. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MjDqhLUzCpE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MjDqhLUzCpE

3. Topographic Maps 1.3 Representing Earth’s Surface  Topographic maps represent Earth’s surface in three dimensions; they show elevation, distance directions, and slope angles. Contour lines are lines on a topographic map that indicate an elevation. Contour interval is the distance in elevation between adjacent contour lines.

4. What Is a System? 1.4 Earth System Science  Closed systems are self contained (e.g., an automobile cooling system).  Open systems allow both energy and matter to flow in and out of the system (e.g., a river system).  A system is any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole.

5. Earth as a System 1.4 Earth System Science  Earth is a dynamic body with many separate but highly interacting parts or spheres.  Earth system science studies Earth as a system that is composed of numerous parts, or subsystems.

6. Earth as a System 1.4 Earth System Science  Sources of Energy Sun—drives external processes such as weather, ocean circulation and erosional processes Earth’s interior—drives internal processes including volcanoes, earthquakes and mountain building

7. Earth as a System 1.4 Earth System Science  Humans are part of the Earth system (part of the biosphere)  Consists of a nearly endless array of subsystems (e.g., the water cycle within the hydrosphere)

8. People and the Environment 1.4 Earth System Science  Environment Surrounds and influences organisms Physical environment encompasses water, air, soil, and rock The term environmental is usually reserved for those aspects that focus on the relationships between people and the natural environment.

9. People and the Environment 1.4 Earth System Science  Resources Include water, soil, minerals, and energy Two broad categories 2. Nonrenewable—cannot be replenished in the near future (e.g., metals, fuels) 1. Renewable—can be replenished (e.g., plants, energy from water and wind)

10. People and the Environment 1.4 Earth System Science  Population Population of the planet is growing rapidly Use of minerals/energy has climbed more rapidly than the overall growth of population

11. Growth of World Population

12. Environmental Problems 1.4 Earth System Science  Caused by people and societies Urban air pollution Acid rain  Caused by natural hazards Landslides Ozone depletion Global warming Earthquakes  Local, regional, and global

13. Science 1.5 What Is Scientific Inquiry?  Science assumes the natural world is consistent predictable  Goals of science are to use the knowledge to predict to discover patterns in nature

14. 4 Chapter 4 Earth ’ s Resources

15. Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources 4.1 Energy and Mineral Resources  Renewable resources can be replenished over fairly short spans of time, such as months, years, or decades.  Nonrenewable resources take millions of years to form and accumulate.

16. Fossil Fuels 4.1 Energy and Mineral Resources  Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons that may be used as fuel, including coal, oil, and natural gas.

17. Formation of Mineral Deposits 4.1 Energy and Mineral Resources  Some of the most important mineral deposits form through igneous processes and from hydrothermal solutions. Ore is a useful metallic mineral that can be mined at a profit.

18. Mineral-Rich Hot Water Seeps into Rock Fractures

19. Nonmetallic Mineral Resources 4.1 Energy and Mineral Resources  Nonmetallic mineral resources are extracted and processed either for the nonmetallic elements they contain or for their physical and chemical properties.

20. Uses of Nonmetallic Minerals

21. Solar Energy 4.2 Alternate Energy Sources 1. Solar energy’s “fuel” is free.  Solar energy has two advantages: 2. Solar energy is non-polluting.

22. Nuclear Energy 4.2 Alternate Energy Sources  In nuclear fission, the nuclei of heavy atoms such as uranium-235 are bombarded with neutrons.  The uranium nuclei split into smaller nuclei and emit neutrons and heat energy.

23. Diablo Canyon Nuclear Plant

24. Wind Energy 4.2 Alternate Energy Sources  In the next 50 to 60 years, wind power could meet 10 percent of the country’s demand for electricity.

25. Wind Turbines

26. Hydroelectric Power 4.2 Alternate Energy Sources  The strong water flow that results drives turbines and electric generators.  The water held in a reservoir behind a dam is a form of stored energy that can be released through the dam to produce electric power.  Hydroelectric power is the power generated by falling water.

27. Glen Canyon Dam

28. Geothermal Energy 4.2 Alternate Energy Sources  Hot water is used directly for heating and to turn turbines that generate electric power.  Geothermal energy is harnessed by tapping natural underground reservoirs of steam and hot water.

29. The Geysers Is the World’s Largest Electrical Geothermal Facility

30. Tidal Power 4.2 Alternate Energy Sources  Tidal power is harnessed by constructing a dam across the mouth of a bay or an estuary in coastal areas.  The strong in-and-out flow of tidal water drives turbines and electric generators.

31. Tidal Dams

32. The Water Planet 4.3 Water, Air, and Land Resources  Each day, people use fresh water for drinking, cooking, bathing, and growing food.

33. The Water Planet 4.3 Water, Air, and Land Resources Point source pollution comes from a known and specific location, such as factory pipes. Nonpoint source pollution is pollution that does not have a specific point of origin.  Freshwater Pollution Runoff is the water that flows over the land rather than seeping into the ground, often carrying nonpoint source pollution.

34. Major Types of Water Pollution

35. Earth’s Blanket of Air 4.3 Water, Air, and Land Resources The increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has altered the carbon cycle and contributed to global warming—the unnatural warming of the lower atmosphere.  The chemical composition of the atmosphere helps maintain life on Earth. Through a series of chemical reactions, these pollutants in the air are converted into acids that are a major cause of acid precipitation.  Pollution in the Air

36. Major Primary Pollutants and Their Sources

37. Land Resources 4.3 Water, Air, and Land Resources  Earth’s land provides soil and forests, as well as mineral and energy resources  Damage to Land Resources Mines produce many mineral resources, but mines are destroying, soil, vegetation, and Earth’s contours. Mines also cause soil erosion and pollution that contaminates soil and water and destroys ecosystems.

38. Surface Mining Destroys Earth’s Surface

39. Keeping Water Clean and Safe 4.4 Protecting Resources  Conservation is the careful use of resources.  Pollution prevention means stopping pollution from entering the environment.

40. Keeping Water Clean and Safe 4.4 Protecting Resources  Starting in the 1970’s, the federal government passed several laws to prevent or decrease pollution and protect resources. In 1972, the Clean Water Act (CWA) required industries to reduce or eliminate point source pollution into surface waters. The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 helped protect drinking resources.

41. Preventing Water Pollution

42. Protecting the Air 4.4 Protecting Resources  In the 1970’s, Congress passed the Clean Air Act, the nation’s most important air pollution law. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) established for six “criteria” pollutants known to cause health problems – carbon monoxide, ozone, lead, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulates (fine particles).

43. Saving Energy

44. Caring for Land Resources 4.4 Protecting Resources  Protecting land resources involves preventing pollution and managing land resources wisely. Compost is partly decomposed organic material that can be used as fertilizer. Recycling is the collecting and processing of used items so that they can be made into new products.