1. Formation of Unions & the Development of “Modern” America W hy did workers during this era need to form unions? W hat is the difference between trade and industrial unions? W hat techniques were used by company managers and owners to destroy unions?

2. N eed for Unions: - Responding to deflation - Better pay and working conditions T rade and Industrial unions: - Or craft workers; these were skilled workers - Industrial – every other worker in a factory E fforts to destroy unions: - “Blacklisting” – list of people not to be hired - Lockouts – locking workers out of factory and refusal to pay - “Pinkerton’s” – a security agency, often hired to stop unions

5. W hat is the basis of Marxism? W hat is the four-step process Marx believed would eventually occur in capitalist societies? W hat were the four things the Knights of Labor argued for?

6. M arxism? - “Class struggle” is the basic force shaping society H ow society progresses, according to Marxism: 1 – Workers revolt 2 – Seize control of factories 3 – Overthrow the government 4 – After “the revolution,” government would seize all private property and create a socialist society

7. K nights of Labor: - Welcomed African-Americans & women - Argued for the following: 1 – Eight-hour work day 2 – Equal pay for women 3 – Abolition of child labor 4 – Creation of worker-owned factories G reat Railroad Strike (1877) H aymarket Riot (1886)

8. W hat were the “bread and butter” union issues? W hat percentage of the workforce were women, what jobs did women do, why were women paid less than men, and how did unions feel about women?

9. H omestead Strike (1892) P ullman Strike (1893) - Pullman Company – made sleeping cars - George Pullman, created a “company town” A merican Federation of Labor (AFL) - Promoted interest of craft labor - Advocated “bread and butter” issues - (1) wages, (2) working hours, and (3) working conditions

10. W omen in the workforce: - 18% of the total labor force - What women did in workforce: - 1/3 as domestic servants - 1/3 as teachers, nurses, and sales clerks - Many were garment workers and food-processing plants - It was assumed women had a man supporting them at home. ** Most unions excluded women.

11. Urban Planning - A s cities grew, development of new career = the urban planner / civil engineer - Creating “havens” in the middle of busy cities Frederick Law Olmsted created New York’s Central Park Daniel Burnham created Chicago’s Navy Pier

12. Expanding Public Education - W illiam Torrey Harris, an educational reformer, believed public schools were a … “great instrument to lift all classes of people into … civilized life.” - S chools are …- training ground for employment & citizenship - key to economic security - best opportunity to assimilate new immigrants

13. Expanding Public Education (continued) - M aking school mandatory … - B etween 1865 and 1895, states passed laws requiring 12 to 16 weeks of school attendance between the ages of 8 and 12. - K indergartens increase in number from 200 in 1880 to 3,000 in 1900.

14. Expanding Public Education (continued) - G rowth of high schools … - L oyal to the capitalist system & - P repared for work in the industrial era, with the following practices: - (1) Regimentation … - (2) Carnegie units …

15. Expanding Public Education (continued) - C urriculum changes to include … - A nd vocational subjects … different ones for women and men - “ A mericanization” of immigrants…

16. Revolution in Printing Linotype Machine - R evolution in printing led to an increase in literacy to 90% - V arious advances in printing … - Linotype - Paper from pulp - Printing on both sides of paper - I ncreased proliferation of various print media … - M ass circulation of newspapers … Pulitzer vs. Randolph Hearst

17. More Leisure and Snacks - S usan B. Anthony once said, … “I think bicycling has done more to emancipate the woman than anything else in the world … it gives women a feeling of freedom and self-reliance.” - B icycle becomes safer … - T ennis arrives to America in 1874 … - H ershey’s Chocolate Bar … - C oca-Cola … Swift Safety Bicycle

18. Rural Free Delivery and The Catalog - M ontgomery Ward Catalog - S ears-Roebuck Catalog - R ural Free Delivery

19. A New “Mass” or “Popular” American Culture ** Why A Popular, Mass Culture? **

20. Why A Popular, Mass Culture? - (1) G reater Urban culture - Greater concentration of people - (2) L ess work-time - The average work week declines: - 69.7 hours per week in 1860 (includes farming) - 61.7 hours in 1890 - 54.9 hours in 1910 - (4) R ise of Marketing - (5) M ore Discretionary Income * GNP per capita * Percentage of Income on Food - 1870 - $531 - 1870 - 32% - 1890 - $836 - 1890 - 29% - 1910 - $1,299 - 1910 - 25% - (3) M andatory Public Education - (6) G reater P ublishing