1. Engineering Science EAB_S_127 Electricity Chapter 2

2. Overview  Kirchoff’s Laws  Current  Voltage  Resistance  Series  Parallel  Potentiometers  Voltage Divider Rule

3. + A - I2I2 I3I3 I1I1 R1R1 R2R2 R3R3 ITIT VTVT Kirchoff’s Current Law  Kirchoff’s current law states that, “The sum of all the currents passing through any node in a circuit equals zero”.  This is the same as saying, “the sum of currents flowing into that node is equal to the sum of currents flowing out of that node”. See figure  Hence at Node A;

4. + A - I2I2 I3I3 I1I1 R1R1 R2R2 R3R3 ITIT VTVT Kirchoff’s Current Law: Example 1  Given that I T = 6 Amps, I 1 = 2 Amps, I 2 = 1 Amp  What is the value of I 3 ?  Answer: I 3 = I T – I 1 – I 2 = 6 – 2 – 1 = 3 Amps

5. + A - I2I2 I3I3 I1I1 R1R1 R2R2 R3R3 ITIT VTVT Kirchoff’s Current Law: Example 2  Given that I 1 = 1.5 Amps, I 2 = 0.5 Amps, I 3 = 1 Amp  What is the value of I T ?  Answer: I T = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 = 1.5 + 0.5 + 1 = 3 Amps

6. Kirchoff’s Voltage Law  Kirchoff’s voltage law states that, “The sum of all the voltages around a closed loop equals zero”.  This is the same as saying, “the sum of voltage drops in a loop is equal to the sum of voltage rises in a loop” V1V1 V2V2 + + + – – – V3V3

7. Kirchoff’s Voltage Law: Example 1  Given that V 3 = 10 Volts and V 2 = 4 Volts  What is the value of V 1 ?  Answer: V 1 = V 3 – V 2 = 10 – 4 = 6 Volts V1V1 V2V2 + + + – – – V3V3

8. Kirchoff’s Voltage Law: Example 2  Given that V 1 = 2 Volts and V 2 = 7 Volts  What is the value of V 3 ?  Answer: V 3 = V 1 + V 2 = 2 + 7 = 9 Volts V1V1 V2V2 + + + – – – V3V3

9. Series Resistance  When resistors are connected end to end they are said to be in series  The total resistance can be shown to be the sum of the individual resistances  I T = I 1 = I 2 = I 3 and V T = V 1 + V 2 + V 3  V T = I 1 R 1 + I 2 R 2 + I 3 R 3 = I T (R 1 + R 2 + R 3 )  Thus:- R T = V T /I T = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 VTVT ITIT V1V1 V2V2 V3V3 I1I1 I2I2 I3I3

10. Series Resistance: Example 1  Given that, in the circuit below;  R 1 = 10 , R 2 = 20  and R 3 = 30   What is the total series resistance?  Answer: R T = 10 + 20 + 30 = 60  VTVT ITIT R1R1 R2R2 R3R3 I1I1 I2I2 I3I3

11. Series Resistance: Example 2  Given that, in the circuit below;  What is the total series resistance?  What is the current I ?  Answer: R T = 2 + 3 = 5   Answer: I = 5/5 = 1 Amp + 5 V5 V - I 2 Ω 3 Ω

12. Resistors in Parallel  When components are connected in the same way at both ends, they are said to be in parallel (e.g. resistors in figure below)  Applying Kirchoff’s Laws give us I T = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 and V T = V 1 = V 2 = V 3 + VTVT - V1V1 I2I2 I3I3 I1I1 V2V2 V3V3 R1R1 R2R2 R3R3 ITIT

13. Resistors in Parallel (2)  Applying Ohm’s Law to each resistor gives:  Since V T = V 1 = V 2 = V 3, they can be cancelled out and hence we have  Alternatively this can be re-written specifically for three resistors as:

14. Resistors in Parallel: Example 1  Given the circuit below, what is the parallel resistance?  Answer:  Alternatively:

15. Resistors in Parallel: Example 2  Given the circuit below, what is the parallel resistance?  Answer:  Alternatively:

16. Potentiometers  When a resistive material is connected at both ends to a voltage source and a sliding bar is moved along its length, a variable voltage is output depending on the resistance  These devices are commonly called “Potentiometers” and are typically used in volume controls on audio equipment V in V out 0V0V

17. Potentiometers continued  It can be shown that the voltage across the bar is a fraction of the input voltage depending on the ratio of the input and output resistances.  Hence as I is the same for the entire resistive strip, Ohm’s Law shows us that + V out - R in I V in R out Sliding bar

18. Potentiometers: Example  Calculate R out when we require an output voltage of 10V from a voltage divider, which has the total resistance of 100 Ω and can supply the maximum voltage 50 V.  Answer:  Hence

19. Voltage Dividers  Consider the circuit shown in Figure 3.2 below containing two discrete resistors. We can develop an equation that describes the voltage across each resistor R 1 and R 2 in terms of the input voltage and a ratio of resistors + V in - ITIT R2R2 R1R1 Figure 3.2 Potential Divider - V 1 + - V 2 +

20. Voltage Dividers: Example  Calculate V 1 and V 2 when V in = 24V, R 1 = 8 Ω and R 2 = 40 Ω  Answer:

21. Summary  Learning Outcomes:  Kirchoff’s Current Law  Kirchoff’s Voltage Law  Series Resistance  Parallel Resistance  Potentiometers  Voltage Dividers  Next Week: Wheatstone Bridge and Capacitance