1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii The Axial Skeleton

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Learning Objectives Identify the bones of the axial skeleton and specify their functions. Identify the bones of the cranium and face. Describe the differences between adult, child and infant skulls. Identify and describe the curvatures of the spinal column. Identify the vertebral regions and give characteristics of each. Explain the articulations between the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs and sternum.

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 7-1 Divisions of the Skeleton

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Axial skeleton Skull Auditory ossicles and hyoid bone Vertebral column Thoracic cage Appendicular skeleton Pectoral and pelvic girdles Upper and lower limbs Skeletal system includes both:

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.1b The Axial Skeleton Figure 7.1b

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 7-2 The Skull

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Consists of the cranium and the bones of the face The cranium encloses cranial cavity Facial bones surround and protect the entrances to the respiratory and digestive tracts Superficial landmarks include the sutures Lambdoid Coronal Sagittal Squamous The skull

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.2 Figure 7.2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull Figure 7.3a, b

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull Figure 7.3c

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull Figure 7.3d

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull Figure 7.3e

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings one occipital bone foramen magnum two parietal bones one frontal bone frontal sinuses Focus: The Individual Bones of the Skull Cranial Bones two temporal bones auditory ossicles one sphenoid one ethmoid

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.4 The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull Figure 7.4a

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.4 The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull Figure 7.4b

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.5 The Occipital and Parietal Bones Figure 7.5

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.6 The Frontal Bone Figure 7.6

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.7 The Temporal Bones Figure 7.7

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.8 The Sphenoid Figure 7.8

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.9 The Ethmoid Figure 7.9

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maxillary bones Mandible Palatine bones Nasal bones Vomer Facial bones Inferior nasal conchae Zygomatic bones Lacrimal bones Hyoid

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Largest facial bones Form the upper jaw and most of the hard palate Maxillae

23. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.10 The Maxillary and Palatine Bones Figure 7.10

24. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Palatine bones Small “L” shaped bones Form the posterior hard palate and floor of the nasal cavity Nasal bones Superior border of external nares Palatine and Nasal Bones

25. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vomer Inferior portion of the nasal septum Zygomatic bone Temporal process articulates with zygomatic process of temporal bone Lacrimal bones Smallest bones of the face Sit medially in orbit Vomer, Zygomatic and Lacrimal bones

26. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.11 The Smaller Bones of the Face Figure 7.11

27. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mandible Bone of the lower jaw Hyoid Suspended by stylohyoid ligaments Supports the larynx Mandible and Hyoid bones

28. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.12 The Mandible and Hyoid Bones Figure 7.12a

29. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.12 The Mandible and Hyoid Bones Figure 7.12b, c

30. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seven bones in the orbital complex Nasal complex = bones that enclose the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses The orbital and nasal complexes

31. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.14 The Orbital Complex Figure 7.14

32. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fontanels permit skulls of infants and children to continue growing Skulls of infants and children

33. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 7-3 The Vertebral Column

34. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx 7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae Sacrum and coccyx are fused vertebrae Vertebral column

35. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.16 The Vertebral Column Figure 7.16

36. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Four spinal curves Primary (accommodation) curves = thoracic and sacral Secondary (compensation) curves = lumbar and cervical Spinal curvature

37. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.17 Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine Figure 7.17

38. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Typically has a body and vertebral arch Superior and inferior articular processes Separated by intervertebral discs Vertebral anatomy

39. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.18 Vertebral Anatomy Figure 7.18

40. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cervical Has distinctive shape Large relative size of vertebral foramen Costal processes with transverse foramina Notched spinous processes Vertebral regions

41. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.19 The Cervical Vertebrae Figure 7.19

42. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Heart-shaped body Long slender spinous processes Articulations for ribs Thoracic vertebrae

43. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.20 The Thoracic Vertebrae Figure 7.20a

44. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.20 The Thoracic Vertebrae Figure 7.20b, c Animation: Axial Dissections PLAY

45. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Most massive Least mobile Subjected to great stresses Lumbar vertebrae

46. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.21 The Lumbar Vertebrae Figure 7.21

47. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protects reproductive, digestive and urinary organs Articulates with pelvic girdle and fused elements of coccyx Sacrum

48. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.22 The Sacrum and Coccyx Figure 7.22

49. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thoracic vertebrae Ribs Sternum Ribs and sternum forms the rib cage Thoracic cage

50. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.23 The Thoracic Cage Figure 7.23a

51. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.23 The Thoracic Cage Figure 7.23b

52. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ribs 1-7 are attached to vertebrae 8-12 are vertebrochondral ribs 11-12 are floating ribs The ribs

53. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Has a head, neck, tubercle and a body Costal groove marks pathway of blood returning to the heart Typical rib

54. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Manubrium Body Xiphoid process The Sternum consists of

55. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.23 The Thoracic Cage Figure 7.23 Animation: Axial Dissections PLAY

56. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings You should now be familiar with: The bones of the axial skeleton and their functions. The bones of the cranium and face. The differences between adult, child and infant skulls. The curvatures of the spinal column. The vertebral regions and characteristics of each. The articulations between the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs and sternum.