1. The Missing Loonie Riddle

2. Sources of Evidence for Evolution
Fossil Evidence
Biogeography Evidence
Anatomy Evidence
Embryology Evidence
DNA Evidence
How do we know that evolution occured?

3. 1. Fossil Evidence
As new rock is formed, the older rock layers become deposited under the new rock layers.
Creates a geological time scale
65 million years ago to recent (Cenozoic) 250 mya to 65 mya (Mesozoic) 540 mya to 250 mya (Paleozoic)

4. In each of the layers of rock, different fossils can be found according to major extinction events.
Comparing fossils at various depths, one can compare fossil records

5. Fossil Records: In Summary
Fossils found in young layers of rock (closer to the surface) are similar to species alive today than the one’s found in older (deeper) layers of rock.
Fossils appear in chronological order in rock layers.

6. Transitional Fossils
Transitional Fossils – a fossil that shows the intermediary links between two groups of organisms with slight different features.
Eusthenopteron to Tiktaalik to Acanthostega ?

7. Transitional Fossils – Evidence of Evolution

8. Transitional Fossils
The modern day whale evolved from an aquatic species Dorudon which contained a hind limb.
Dorudon evolved from terrestrial species which had a function for the hind limbs.

9. Fossil evidence suggests that modern toothed whales evolved from a terrestrial ancestor.
Dorudon and Basilosaurus – (not shown)
Rodhocetus kasrani – had small hindlimbs
Ambulocetus natans – likely walked on land
Pakicetus attocki – lived on land

10. Whale Evolution Summarized

11. 2. Biogeography
The study of the past and present geographical distribution of organisms

12. Geographical Distribution
Geographically close environments are more likely to be populated by related species than locations that are geographically separate but environmentally similar.
Species found on islands often closely resemble species found on the nearest islands and continents.

13. Closely Related But Different Features
Animals that are found in areas close to one another are often closely related.
They may however have different features due to environmental differences.
E.g. Darwin’s Finches

14. Distantly Related But Similar Features
If two species live far away from one another but live in similar environments they are likely to have similar features.
Environment puts selective pressure for a species to adapt to the environment.
Evolved from different ancestors

15. Geographical Distribution - Fossils
Fossils of the same species can be found on the coastlines of neighbouring continents.
Due to the fact that the world was once Pangaea.
Closely related species are almost never found in exactly the same location or habitat.
Due to competition

16. 3. Anatomy Evidence
Homologous structures – structures that have similar structural elements and origin but may have a different function

17. Analogous structures – structures of organisms that do not have a common evolutionary origin but perform similar functions.

18. Analogous Structures
The camera type eye in vertebrates (e.g. humans) and mollusks (e.g. octopus) evolved separately but function in a similar way.

19. Vestigial structures – are remnants of structures that may have had important functions in ancestral species but have no clear function in some modern descendants.

20. Vestigial Features in Humans

21. 4. Embryology
The study of early, pre-birth stages of an organism’s development

22. Embryology Developed
Embryos of closely related organisms often have similar stages in development.
All vertebrates at some point of development possess gill pouches (eventually develops into the chin and other skull bone structures).
All vertebrate animals have tails during development (some will continue to develop their tails while others do not)

23. 5. DNA Evidence
If two species have similar patterns in their DNA, these DNA sequences must have been inherited from a common ancestor.

24. Homework/In-class Questions
# 1, 3, 5, 8-12 (page 340)