1. No Idea, what to do? Thinking?

2. Get some one’s help, See your Supervisor, Review Literature to find out others opinion/work.

3. Oh! got an idea from literature

5. Deductive and Inductive Thinking. OR Deductive and Inductive Research

6. Deductive Thinking/Research: Deductive Thinking/Research: Moving from general (broader generalization) to specific observation. Informally Known as "top-down" approach. Example: Theory ► Hypothesis ► Hypothesis ► Model ► Model ► Application ► Application ►Confirmation.

7. Inductive Thinking/Research: Moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories. Informally, called as "bottom up" approach. Example: Observation ► Hypothesis ► Hypothesis ► Model ► Confirmation ► Theory. Theory.

8. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

9. lements of Theory Theoretical Framework Elements of Theory 1. Concepts 2. Variables 3. Statement 4. Format Modeling Schemes

10. 1. Concepts It is It is a generalized idea or a mental symbol about an object, attribute, occurrence etc.idea Concepts are the blocks from which theories are built. built.

11. The concepts of each of the following are different, depending up on the context in which it is being used and who is going to use and where? ‘POWER’ ‘POWER’ ‘CHAIR’ ‘CHAIR’ ‘MARKET’ ‘MARKET’ ‘INDUSTRY’ ‘INDUSTRY’

12. Concepts of a man

13. 2. Variable/s When we move from conceptual to the empirical level in research, concepts are converted into VARIABLES by mapping them into a set of value. It is a measurable characteristic, factor, element of an individual, event or a system etc. Example: Research related to the Job Turnover Variables of “Job Turnover” will be: Variables of “Job Turnover” will be: Pay, Job satisfaction, labor market, number of organizations, working environment, Facilities at work, recognition etc

14. Type of Variables. a. Independent, b. Dependent Example: If some one works on JOB SATISFACTION to find out if employees are satisfied with their jobs? Job satisfaction is dependent may be on: Job Freedom, Salary, Future chances, Facilities available etc. Job Freedom, Salary, Future career, Facilities etc are independent variables.

15. 3. Statement It is a Connection among concepts which constitute a theory.

16. Model: It is a pattern, form, template, set of rules, structure or workings of an object, system, or concept etc. 4. Format

17. It is a pattern, form, template, set of rules, structure or workings of an object, system, or concept etc. It is a pattern, form, template, set of rules, structure or workings of an object, system, or concept etc. Model can be: a. Economic Model, like Privatization Model / Liberalization Model b. Marketing Model: [Porters Model etc] b. Mathematical Model: C. Other soial Sciences related Models etc. 4.b: Model

19. Theory is generalization (not necessarily by all) arrived after verification. It is a sound and set hypothesis, It is a sound and set hypothesis, empirically verified over a period of time and empirically verified over a period of time and supported by considerable evidences supported by considerable evidences (not necessarily by all and everywhere). In Science, a theory is a mathematical or logical explanation, or a testable model. In Science, a theory is a mathematical or logical explanation, or a testable model. Theory

20. Why people marry? Why people visit shrines? How media affect us? Why people commit crime? Why Girls are shy? Why men are lazy Theory

21. Other example of Theory: Noise adversely affects the mental puzzle solving. Noise adversely affects the mental puzzle solving. Liberalization is the solution of Economy. Liberalization is the solution of Economy. Women are Shy. Women are Shy. Men are lazy. Men are lazy.

22. Conceptual/Theoretical Framework.

23. It is collection of interrelated (to the topic) ideas/concepts/theories but not necessarily so well worked-out. It is collection of interrelated (to the topic) ideas/concepts/theories but not necessarily so well worked-out. A Theoretical Framework guides your research, determining what things you will measure, and what statistical relationships you will look for. A Theoretical Framework guides your research, determining what things you will measure, and what statistical relationships you will look for.

24. Why Conceptual/Theoretical framework? No matter how little you know about the topic, and how unbiased you are, it is impossible for human being not to have pre-conceived notions. Some people fundamentally believe that: People are basically lazy and untrustworthy. People are basically lazy and untrustworthy. Visiting Shrines is wastage of time. Visiting Shrines is wastage of time. If they conduct research on these issues, they have some pre-conceived notions in their mind, hence they can not remain neutral. In this sense, you are always being guided by a theoretical Framework. CF/TF helps us to understand and use the ideas of others who have done similar work.

25. TF components: A. Inventory of variables. B. Specifying the directions of relationships. C. Explanation of these relationship. D. Make an Inventory of proposition/ plan/scheme E. Arrange these propositions in sequential order.

26. Examples of Theoretical Framework components : Example: Research Topic: Joint Families in Pakistan during the Modern Era. Research Question: Research Question: Trend of joint families and causes of decline in their Trend of joint families and causes of decline in their size in Pakistan? size in Pakistan? Hypothesis: Hypothesis: In Pakistan, mainly in Cities, Joint Families decline in In Pakistan, mainly in Cities, Joint Families decline in size. size.

27. TF in the light of TF components of the above RQ. 1. Make an inventory of variables: Identify the factors relevant to the RQ. Identify the factors relevant to the RQ. These factors can be named as concepts: These factors can be named as concepts: a. Education level of couple a. Education level of couple b. Age of marriage b. Age of marriage c. Exposure to media c. Exposure to media d. Health Services d. Health Services e. Awareness/Practice of Family Planning e. Awareness/Practice of Family Planning f. Aspiration about the education of children f. Aspiration about the education of children g. etc g. etc

28. 2. Specify the direction of relationships Higher the education, higher the age of marriage Higher the education, higher the age of marriage Higher the education of women, greater their chances of being career women. Higher the education of women, greater their chances of being career women. Higher the education, more the rationalism. Higher the education, more the rationalism. Higher the education, more selective the exposure to media. Higher the education, more selective the exposure to media. Higher the education, more accessibility of health services. Higher the education, more accessibility of health services. Higher the education of parents, higher the aspiration about their children education. Higher the education of parents, higher the aspiration about their children education. Higher the education of couples, higher their mobility orientation Higher the education of couples, higher their mobility orientation

29. 3. Explanation of these variables’ relationships For getting higher education, youngsters have to spend about 16 years of their life in education institutions. Let us say they complete their education at the age of 22 years. After completing they spend 2-3 years for establishing themselves. During this period, they continue differing their marriage. By the time they decide about their marriage, they are about 25 years. Compare this age of marriage with the 16 years age of marriage. Obviously with this higher age of marriage, there is a reduction in the reproductive period of women. Similarly, we can develop logic in support of other proposed relationships

30. 4. Make an inventory of proposition and arrange them into statement. When people get more education, they marry late. If they marry late, there are chances of reduction in the reproductive system When they are educated, they give birth to lesser children etc. In that case we can say that the size of family declines is affected by education. Theory: 1.Educated people have small size of family. 2.Educated people with fewer children have happy life.