1. Problem 1 Why is the Sky blue?

2. Scattering efficiency ω 4 ∞ So the higher the frequency the stronger the scattering Blue light is much more strongly scattered than red light

3. As the Sun sets only red light manages to get through The blue is completely scattered away

4. 650 600 550 500 450 Wavelength λ (nm) Relative Scattering 25 Blue light is 4x more strongly scattered than red light 20/5 = 4 0 5 10 15 20

5. Black Clouds towards the Galactic Centre

6. Blue light scattered strongly by interstellar gas and dust clouds

10. Problem Determine the relative scattering efficiencies: a) S (Hg) / S (Na) b) S(NH 3 ) / S (Na) Na(D) 580 nm Hg (blue)405 nm NH 3 (radio line) 1 cm

11. Scattering by interstellar Gas and Dust 3 2 1 Magnitude 39.8 15.8 6.3 2.5 10,000 20,000 cm -1 3x10 14 6x10 14 Hz (cps) Red Blue

12. 650 600 550 500 450 λ (nm) 25 20 15 10 5 0 Relative cross-sections for Rayleigh scattering as a function of wavelength

13. Scattering by interstellar Gas and Dust though 6000 ly of the ISM 3 2 1 Magnitude 39.8 15.8 6.3 2.5 10,000 20,000 cm -1 3x10 14 6x10 14 Hz

14. seen under mercury-vapour light, 1995. Victoria Road in the District of Bradmore, Wolverhampton on the evening of Wednesday 27th December 1995. At the time, this road was still lit with old fashion mercury-vapour

15. Harry Kroto 2004

16. Rayleigh scattering

20. http://www.ccpo.odu.edu/~lizsmith/SEES/ozone/class/Chap_4/index.htm

22. Scattering by interstellar Gas and Dust Harry Kroto 2004 3 2 1 Magnitude 39.8 15.8 6.3 2.5 10,000 20,000 cm -1 3x10 14 6x10 14 Hz (cps) Red Blue

23. Attenuation due to scattering by interstellar gas and dust clouds Harry Kroto 2004

26. Rayleigh Scattering Rayleigh scattering refers to the scattering of light off of the molecules of the air, and can be extended to scattering from particles up to about a tenth of the wavelength of the light. It is Rayleigh scattering off the molecules of the air which gives us the blue sky. Lord Rayleigh calculated the scattered intensity from dipole scatterers much smaller than the wavelength to be: blue sky Rayleigh scattering can be considered to be elastic scattering since the photon energies of the scattered photons is not changed. Scattering in which the scattered photons have either a higher or lower photon energy is called Raman scattering. Usually this kind of scattering involves exciting some vibrational mode of the molecules, giving a lower scattered photon energy, or scattering off an excited vibrational state of a molecule which adds its vibrational energy to the incident photon.Raman scattering

28. Mie Scattering The scattering from molecules and very tiny particles (< 1 /10 wavelength) is predominantly Rayleigh scattering. For particle sizes larger than a wavelength, Mie scattering predominates. This scattering produces a pattern like an antenna lobe, with a sharper and more intense forward lobe for larger particles.Rayleigh Mie scattering is not strongly wavelength dependent and produces the almost white glare around the sun when a lot of particulate material is present in the air. It also gives us the the white light from mist and fog. GreenlerGreenler in his "Rainbows, Haloes and Glories" has some excellent color plates demonstrating Mie scattering and its dramatic absence in the particle-free air of the polar regions.