Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Learning Part I Learning Classical Conditioning

Published byMeryl Fitzgerald Modified over 9 years ago

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Learning Part I Learning Classical Conditioning"— Presentation transcript:

1 Learning Part I Learning Classical Conditioning

2 Study of learning Learning:
process by which long-lasting changes occur in knowledge/behavior as a result of experience

3 Two approaches to study learning
Behaviorism (early 20th century) studied simple learning mechanisms focus on animal studies introduction of stimulus-response theories Cognitivism (1950s-present) introduction of complex mental processes (“inside the mind”) focus on human learning

4 Nonassociative forms of Learning
Habituation: An organism’s response to a stimulus will decline following repeated presentations of a stimulus. Dishabituation Presentation of a novel stimulus leads to an increase in responsiveness

5 Using habituation to study infant cognition
2-month old infant 4-month old infant Looking time Looking time habituation dishabituation Repeated observations of Object 1 Present Object 2 Repeated observations of Object 1 Present Object 2

6 Video: habituation (40 secs)
(for original video, see:

7 Classical Conditioning
In classical conditioning, animals learn about the association between one stimulus and another. One of Pavlov’s dogs Ivan Pavlov Nobel Laureate

8 Video (~3 min.)

9 Acquisition of a conditioned response
Salivation is a physiological reflex to food. Unconditioned response A tone is presented at the same time as the food. An association between the tone and food is established. After training, the tone presented alone will elicit salivation. The UR and CR are similar, but not necessarily identical.

10 Acquisition and extinction of a conditioned response
Important Question At some point, even spontaneous recovery will be completely extinguished. Has the association been erased? No. If the dog is reconditioned following complete extinction, fewer pairings of food (US) and tone (CS) will be required to reestablish the salivation response to tone alone. Consequences for exposure therapy

11 Video: Little Albert (~3 min.) Conditioned Emotional Responses
John B. Watson

12 Examples of US-UR pairings
Stimulus (US) / Response (UR): Food / Salivation Electric shock / Pain reaction Food / Nausea Puff of air / Eye blink

13 Video: conditioned eyeblink response (~2 min.)
Original video:

14 Major Phenomena of Classical Conditioning
Second-order conditioning Generalization Discrimination Temporal ordering Contingency Blocking

15 Second-order conditioning
(1) US (food) paired with CS1 (metronome) (2) CS2 (light) is followed by CS1 (metronome) followed by no food (3) CS2 (light) alone elicits CR (salivation), although at a reduced level Learning is based on establishing associations Complex behaviors are assembled from simple ones

16 Generalization Training Pair a 1200 Hz tone with the US Testing
Generalization Gradient Training Pair a 1200 Hz tone with the US Testing Measure the CR when tones with different frequencies are presented

17 Green – CS Red US Temporal Ordering

18 Contingency The primary causal factor for establishing an association between the US and CS is contingency The CS should be informative about the arrival of the US

19 Contingency: an example
Out of 200 trials: US no US CS no CS Lack of Contingency: The CS is not informative and no conditioning occurs Out of 200 trials: US no US CS no CS Positive Contingency: the US is more likely when the CS occurs and less likely when the CS does not occur. Conditioning occurs.

20 Contingency: another example
Out of 200 trials: US no US CS no CS e.g., CS = light that is always on Lack of Contingency: The CS is not informative and no conditioning occurs

21 CS should provide new information about US: the blocking effect
BLOCKING: Training Phase Training Phase Test Phase Pair CS1 with US Pair CS1 and CS2 with US Test CS2 alone (establish association) tone with shock tone and light with shock test light alone; no response (CR) There is no new or independent information provided by CS2. No conditioning occurs to CS2 .because it provides no new information about the arrival of the US.

22 What is the conditioned response (CR)?
The CR may be a version of the UR e.g. salivating to food might be the same as salivating to a bell The CR may also be quite different from the UR it might be a preparatory response to the US organism might prepare a response that is adaptive for the US Example preparatory response: rats anticipating shocks anticipatory responses to caffeine “pre-game jitters”

23 Compensatory conditioning
Sometimes the preparation takes the form of a compensatory response Examples: drug addiction rats in ice boxes

24 Classical Conditioning and Overdose Deaths
Experiment with rats (Siegel et al. 1982) Rats were given heroin and gradually developed a tolerance They were injected with an overdose – an amount twice as much as what they had been receiving This might explain why some heroin addicts die after injecting their usual amount of heroin in an unfamiliar environment

25 For exam, bring Form F-288-PAR-L
and pencil Required information

Download ppt "Learning Part I Learning Classical Conditioning"

Similar presentations

Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning
Learning Processes Behaviorism Classical conditioning Operant conditioning.

Learning Processes Behaviorism Classical conditioning Operant conditioning.
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik Module 9: Classical Conditioning Module 9 Classical Conditioning.

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik Module 9: Classical Conditioning Module 9 Classical Conditioning.
Learning.

Learning.
Module 9 Classical Conditioning. 3 Kinds of Learning l Classical Conditioning n Kind of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce.

Module 9 Classical Conditioning. 3 Kinds of Learning l Classical Conditioning n Kind of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce.
Learning. Learning Processes Classical conditioning Behaviorism Operant conditioning.

Learning. Learning Processes Classical conditioning Behaviorism Operant conditioning.
Www.soran.edu.iq general psychology Firouz meroei milan Conditioning and Learning Classical Conditioning 1.

general psychology Firouz meroei milan Conditioning and Learning Classical Conditioning 1.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Learning Chapter 5.

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Learning Chapter 5.
Classical Conditioning: The Elements of Associative Learning

Classical Conditioning: The Elements of Associative Learning
 Classical Conditioning – The type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke the response initially evoked by another stimulus ◦

 Classical Conditioning – The type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke the response initially evoked by another stimulus ◦
Classical Conditioning Chapter 6- Section 1 Learning is achieved through experience. If we are born knowing how to do it, it is not the result of learning.

Classical Conditioning Chapter 6- Section 1 Learning is achieved through experience. If we are born knowing how to do it, it is not the result of learning.
Learning Theories Goal  How do we learn behaviors through classical conditioning?

Learning Theories Goal  How do we learn behaviors through classical conditioning?
Psychology 001 Introduction to Psychology Christopher Gade, PhD Office: 621 Heafey Office hours: F 3-6 and by apt. Class WF 7:00-8:30.

Psychology 001 Introduction to Psychology Christopher Gade, PhD Office: 621 Heafey Office hours: F 3-6 and by apt. Class WF 7:00-8:30.
Learning. A. Introduction to learning 1. Why do psychologists care about learning? 2. What is and isn’t learning? IS: A relatively permanent change in.

Learning. A. Introduction to learning 1. Why do psychologists care about learning? 2. What is and isn’t learning? IS: A relatively permanent change in.
Learning Ms. Simon Do Now: Define Learning. Definition Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

Learning Ms. Simon Do Now: Define Learning. Definition Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.
1 CHAPTER 9 LEARNING A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience.

1 CHAPTER 9 LEARNING A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience.
Module 20 (7 th ) Module 21 (8 th ) Classical Conditioning.

Module 20 (7 th ) Module 21 (8 th ) Classical Conditioning.
Learning (Conditioning). Learning is how we Adapt to the Environment Learning— A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

Learning (Conditioning). Learning is how we Adapt to the Environment Learning— A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING. LEARNING Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. Conditioning = Learning.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING. LEARNING Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. Conditioning = Learning.
Innate Behavior Patterns Reflex Tropism –kinesis (undirected) –taxis (directed) Fixed Action Pattern –species-specific; unlearned; goes to completion Reaction.

Innate Behavior Patterns Reflex Tropism –kinesis (undirected) –taxis (directed) Fixed Action Pattern –species-specific; unlearned; goes to completion Reaction.

Similar presentations

Ads by Google