1. Supercomputing in Social Science Maria Marta Ferreyra Carnegie Mellon University

2.  What would happen if many families in the largest U.S. metropolitan areas received vouchers for private schools?  Completed my dissertation with Condor’s help  The contributions from my research are made possible by Condor Questions could not be answered otherwise Questions could not be answered otherwise

3. Research question vouchers allow people to choose the type of school they want vouchers allow people to choose the type of school they want vouchers may affect where families choose to live vouchers may affect where families choose to live  Problem has many moving parts (a general equilibrium problem)

4. How do we deal with these what-if questions? write a model that stylizes observed reality without vouchers write a model that stylizes observed reality without vouchers make sure the model replicates reality as well as possible make sure the model replicates reality as well as possible run what-if policy simulations run what-if policy simulations

5. Replicating reality through the model Data  Model  “Predictions” Data  Model  “Predictions” … but predictions depend on parameter values … but predictions depend on parameter values we need to choose parameters that best match the observed reality we need to choose parameters that best match the observed reality

6. Optimization problem: non-smooth  use a grid search non-smooth  use a grid search search over the parameter space (dim=5) search over the parameter space (dim=5) whole search would take about 4.5 years with just one processor whole search would take about 4.5 years with just one processor

7. What do researchers in Economics normally do in these cases? “pick” a parameter point “pick” a parameter point … but this is economically and statistically not satisfactory … but this is economically and statistically not satisfactory answer more limited questions answer more limited questions

8. How I used Condor I designed a parameter grid I designed a parameter grid submitted thousands of jobs, each one evaluating several points on the grid submitted thousands of jobs, each one evaluating several points on the grid retrieved results from my desktop, and analyzed them retrieved results from my desktop, and analyzed them

9. Why Condor was a great match to my needs a very large number of independent computations a very large number of independent computations large amount of resources large amount of resources 150/200 processors on average150/200 processors on average Solving optimization problem took a week on averageSolving optimization problem took a week on average management capabilities management capabilities easy to use easy to use there was a fixed cost, but small relative to the benefitsthere was a fixed cost, but small relative to the benefits

10. Why Condor was a great match to my needs (cont.) I did not have to alter my code I did not have to alter my code I did not have to pay I did not have to pay since 19 March 2001 I have used 462,667 hours (about 53 years with one 1 Ghz processor) since 19 March 2001 I have used 462,667 hours (about 53 years with one 1 Ghz processor)

11. How do Econ researchers react to Condor? “very clever idea! I wish we did the same at ….” “very clever idea! I wish we did the same at ….” researchers are unaware of these opportunities researchers are unaware of these opportunities nature of the problemnature of the problem researchers perceive access to supercomputing as very complex researchers perceive access to supercomputing as very complex

12. Only few researchers in Econ use supercomputing. Why? lack of programming training lack of programming training “brute force” flavor “brute force” flavor people want “desktop techniques” people want “desktop techniques” large fixed costs large fixed costs code – may be device-specificcode – may be device-specific administrative issuesadministrative issues

13. To conclude…. “democratizing” the access to supercomputing devices – Condor did this for me “democratizing” the access to supercomputing devices – Condor did this for me making resources available to young researchers making resources available to young researchers we could push the frontier much further using supercomputing resources we could push the frontier much further using supercomputing resources