1. Harry Kroto 2004 Sodium Flame Test

2. © at: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flametest--Na...commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flametest--Na...

3. © Emission Spectrum of a sodium lamp Absorption Spectrum of sodium atoms

4. at: web.me.com/dtrapp/ePhysics.f/labII_9.htmlweb.me.com/dtrapp/ePhysics.f/labII_9.html

5. Na D lines Orange street lamps - sodium Fraunhofer Absorption Lines in the Sun’s Spectrum Harry Kroto 2004

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7. Electron Configurations of Sodium Harry Kroto 2004

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9. Electron Configurations of Sodium Harry Kroto 2004 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1

10. Electron Configurations of Sodium 2S2S Harry Kroto 2004 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1

11. Electron Configurations of Sodium 2S2S Harry Kroto 2004 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3p 1

12. 2P2P Electron Configurations of Sodium 2S2S Harry Kroto 2004 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3p 1

13. 2P2P Electron Configurations of Sodium 2S2S Harry Kroto 2004 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3p 1

14. 2 P 1/2 2P2P Electron Configurations of Sodium 2 P 3/2 2S2S Harry Kroto 2004 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3p 1

15. 2 P 1/2 2P2P Electron Configurations of Sodium Spin orbit coupling 2 P 3/2 2S2S Harry Kroto 2004 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3p 1

16. 2 P 1/2 2P2P N2N2 N2N2 Electron Configurations of Sodium 589.00 nm 589.59 nm Spin orbit coupling 2 P 3/2 2S2S Harry Kroto 2004 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3p 1

17. © Wikipedia Sodium D Lines

18. A dye laser used at the Starfire Optical Range for LIDAR and laser guide star experiments is tuned to the sodium D line and used to excite sodium atoms in the upper atmosphere.

20. © at: hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/.../sodzee.htmlhyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/.../sodzee.html

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26. In Voltaire’s “Elémens de la Theorie de Newton“ (1738) Harry Kroto 2004

27. Flame generated by the burning of a candle. http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Flame

28. Harry Kroto 2004 Image of a flame test for sodium. Note that the yellow color in this gas flame does not arise from the blackbody emission of soot particles (as the flame is clearly a blue premixed complete combustion flame) but instead comes from the spectral line emission of sodium atoms, specifically the very intense "sodium D lines"flame test sodium spectral line