1. Feeding Exotics May 1, 2013

2. What we can do today Can easily formulate specialized diets for livestock and pets Know very precise nutrients in common feedstuffs Con formulate to specific stages using wide range of ingredients Physiological stage Level of production Age Clinical diagnosis Size, breed Level of activity

3. Nutrition in Zoo’s –Traditionally filled by: Veterinarians Zoo Keepers Curatorial Staff –Limited nutrition programs with PhD heads Only 8 of more than 230 AZA institutions (less than 5%) –Omaha –St. Louis –Indianapolis –San Diego (2) –Lincoln Park –Brookfield –Disney’s Animal Kingdom –Busch Gardens

4. Goals of Feeds and Feeding Exotics Promote health and longevity Support production – breeding programs for many species Provide environmental enrichment & aid in animal training Least cost

5. Ecology tells us what they eat. Nutrition needs to tell us what’s in “what they eat”. One of the biggest challenges of formulating for exotics is not knowing the nutrients in “wild” feed stuffs

6. Challenges of Feeding Exotics Limited data on nutrients of “wild ingredients” Limited data regarding actual requirements for given species –Must use extrapolations Management constraints –Group housing, mixed species exhibits, feeding times, exhibit design Limited ingredients –Available ingredients will not match ingredients the animals actually consume in the wild

7. Process of Diet Formulation What is it? What is its anatomy and physiology like? –How do you classify an animal? What is the “Natural History”? –Feeding strategies –Feeding behaviors –What does it eat in the wild Do we know the nutrients in those feedstuffs? Is there a model species I can use to compare requirements?

8. Classifying Animals – How to figure out the best model By feeding strategy By digestive tract physiology –Autoenzymatic Digestive processes carried out by enzymes that the animal secretes into the digestive tract –Alloenzymatic Digestive processes are accomplished primarily through enzymes secreted by organisms in the gut

9. Classification By Feeding Strategy

10. Digestive Tract Physiology Feeding StrategyExamples Alloenzymatic digesters Foregut fermenters Ruminants GrazersCattle, bison, oryx, gaur BrowsersGiraffe, okapi, deer, moose MixedSheep, goats Non – ruminants OmnivoresPeccary HerbivoresHyrax, hippo, kangaroo, wallaby Hindgut fermenters CecalRabbit, ostrich Ceco- ColonicHorse, zebra, elephant, rhino, tapir

11. Anatomy and Physiology What does the GIT look like?

12. Foregut fermenters – Determining the “best model”

13. Extrapolations – Sometimes it makes perfect sense

14. Other times it doesn’t! African hunting dog: Strict carnivore Maned wolf: May consume up to 70% vegetation (fruit) Bat-eared fox: Insects

15. Ruminant Extrapolations

16. Hind gut fermenters - Extrapolations

17. Comparing A/P Relative Capacity (% of total GIT weight) CompartmentElephantRhinoHorse Stomach14.021.48.0 Small Intestine 6.75.230.0 Cecum18.123.115.0 Colon61.250.347.0 Total ceco- colonic fermentation (%) > 75%73%62% Clemons and Maloiy, 1982

18. Considerations Heat and cold stress Nutrients in feedstuffs Minerals in feedstuffs – Mineral Interactions Vitamins in feedstuffs –Or losses as with fish Feeds to support appearance –Carotenoids and feather pigmentation Food for training and enrichment Clinical diet management Exhibit design Exhibit mates – mixed species

19. Environmental Enrichment & Training Benefits of Food Enrichment Variety Provide nutrition Promote natural foraging behaviors Stimulate senses Animal Welfare Public perception

20. Animal Training High value food items Often contribute a significant amount of calories, and nutrients Can be expensive Extremely important for animal management