1. Midterm 3 Review Session BIOL 103

2. Details on your midterm! 50 Multiple Choice questions (100 points) Short Answers Topics – Chapter 9: Vitamins – Chapter 10: Water and Minerals – Chapter 11: Sports Nutrition – Documentary Movie #1

3. Bring with you… Scantron (Green) Pencil/Eraser 3x5 Cheat Sheet, double sided (optional) No calculator is necessary!

4. Chapter 9: Vitamins Fat-soluble vs. water-soluble vitamins – Which is stored in small or large amounts? – Which is absorbed into blood or lymphatic system? – Which is more vulnerable to cooking losses?

5. Understanding Vitamins Food preparation affects vitamin content in food – Examples: Source, Sunlight, Moisture, Growing conditions, plant’s maturity at harvest, packaging and storage. Enrichment vs. Fortification Provitamins: inactive forms of vitamins

6. Categorize & Memorize For all of your vitamins, know: 1.Fat or water soluble 2.Active form (fat-soluble) 3.Main functions 4.Deficiency/Toxicity 5.Food source 6.Interactions with other vitamins/minerals  inhibition/absorption

7. Fat-Soluble Vitamin Example #1 Vitamin A/Retinol 1.Food source: liver, egg yolks, milk Animals: retinoids Plants: provitamin A carotenoids 2.Function: vision, cell development, immunity, bones, reproduction, skin 3.Deficiency: Xerophtalmia, Hyperkeratosis 4.Toxicity: Teratogen, Discoloration of skin

8. Fat-Soluble Vitamin Example #2 Vitamin K1/K2/menaquinones 1.Food source: Green veggies + gut bacteria 2.Function: Blood clotting, bone formations 3.Deficiency: Newborn at risk 4.Toxicity: may interfere with blood clotting meds

9. Water-Soluble Vitamins Many water-soluble vitamins act as coenzymes in energy metabolism of macronutrients or as antioxidants. What to keep in mind: – Both their vitamin names/#s – Function – Food sources – Toxicity vs. Deficiency – Interactions with other vitamins/minerals  inhibition/absorption

10. Water-Soluble Vitamin Examples Thiamin/B1 1.Food source: pork, seafood, nuts/seeds, grain 2.Functions: Coenzyme of TPP 3.Deficiency: Beriberi 4.Toxicity: None Niacin/B3 1.Food source: tryptophan from poultry 2.Functions: coenzyme in energy metabolism, FA synthesis 3.Deficiency: Pellegra (4 D’s) 4.Toxicity: Skin flushing, liver damage 5.Interaction: need B1, B6, and iron to convert to B3

11. Homocysteine High levels of homocysteine increases heart disease – B6/Pyridoxine – B9/Folate – B12/Cobalamin – Choline

12. Anemia Anemia can be caused by: – Low RBC count Copper deficiency – may be macro or micro or normocytic… – Low amount of hemoglobin in each RBC. Microcytic vs. Macrocytic Anemia – Microcytic hypochromic anemia: (small, pale) B6 or iron deficiency – Macrocytic anemia: (enlarged, underdeveloped) B9 deficiency – needed for DNA and RBC synthesis B12 deficiency via pernicious anemia (damaged stomach linings)

13. Water When minerals or salts dissolve in water, they form ions (electrolytes) – Cations vs. Anions Osmosis: diluted to concentrated Functions of water Dehydration/Intoxication

14. Water Balance Water intake/sources of water? Water excretion: – Insensible water loss (1/4-1/2): lungs and skin – Urine – Illness – External factors (low humidity, salty foods, etc.) Regulation: – Hormones (ADH, Aldosterone) – Is thirst a reliable?

15. Understanding Minerals Minerals – Inorganic – Not destroyed by heat, light, acidity, alkalinity – Micronutrients (needed in small amounts) – Grouped as: 1.Major minerals: Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, Mg, S 2.Trace minerals: Fe, Zn, Se, I, Cu, Mn, Fl, Cr, Mo – Involved in body structure and regulation

16. Categorize and Memorize! For all of your minerals, know: 1.Main functions 2.Deficiency/Toxicity 3.Food source 4.Interactions with other vitamins/minerals/phytates/oxalates  inhibition/absorption

17. Minerals Example Calcium – Main functions: bone remodeling, muscle contraction – Food source: Dairy products, green vegetables – Interactions with other vitamins/minerals  inhibition/absorption: Enhances iron absorption Supplemental calcium inhibit zinc absorption – Toxicity/deficiency?

18. Blood Calcium Regulation 1.Calcitriol: increase calcium absorption in the intestine 2.Parathyroid hormone: – Activates osteoclasts to release bone calcium  increase blood calcium 3.Calcitonin: reduce blood calcium

19. Absorption vs. Inhibition Enhances Absorption: – Vitamin C  Iron – Vitamins A, C, E  Selenium Inhibition/Competition: – Copper, Iron, Zinc, (& Calcium) – Magnesium, Calcium, Manganese (& Iron) – Copper and Molybdenum – Oxalate: Calcium + Iron – Phytates: All the minerals

20. Relationships Need vitamins B1, B6, and iron to convert Tryptophan to B3 Copper & Iron – Works with ceruloplasmin, a copper-dependent enzyme required for iron transport. Copper & Zinc – Wilson’s disease (genetic disorder that increases copper absorption) Selenium & Iodine – Goiters: Iodine deficiency can be caused by selenium deficiency

21. Hypothyroidism

22. Terms I have bolded on the slides! Heme vs. non-heme iron Ferritin vs. Transferrin Hemoglobin vs. Myoglobin Osteoblast vs. Osteoclast Hydroxyapaptite Keshan disease Wilson’s disease