1. WP3 Werner Nutt (Heriot-Watt University) R-GMA – DataGrid’s Monitoring System 1/7/2003

2. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System2 RGMA = Relational Grid Monitoring Architecture Grid Monitoring and Information System developed within DataGrid (Work Package 3) Based on the “Grid Monitoring Architecture” of the Global Grid Forum Code is open source and freely available Homepage: type “wp3” into Google

3. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System3 Contributors Heriot-Watt, Edinburgh –Andrew Cooke, Alasdair Gray, Lisha Ma, Werner Nutt IBM-UK –James Magowan, Manfred Oevers, Paul Taylor Queen Mary, University of London –Roney Cordenonsi CCLRC/PPARC –Rob Byrom, Laurence Field, Steve Hicks, Manish Soni, Antony Wilson, Jason Leake –Linda Cornwall, Abdeslem Djaoui, Steve Fisher, Robin Middleton SZTAKI, Hungary –Peter Kacsuk, Norbert Podhorszki Trinity College Dublin –Brian Coghlan, Stuart Kenny, David O’Callaghan

4. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System4 Overview Grid monitoring: Requirements The R-GMA approach: A virtual monitoring database Components of R-GMA: –Schema –Producers and Consumers –Registry –Republishers Query Planning

5. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System5 Major Components of DataGrid Storage Element User Interface Resource BrokerLogging and Bookkeeping Replica Catalogue Computer Computing Element Monitoring System Status Information Data Transfer Job Submission

6. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System6 WP7: R-GMA Collects Network Monitoring Data

7. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System7 The Grid Monitoring Problem In a Grid we have –Computers –Storage elements –Network nodes and connections –Application programmes, … Monitoring: –What is the current state of the system? –How did the system behave in the past ?

8. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System8 Monitoring Data Come in two Kinds A Grid monitoring system makes available two kinds of data static data “pools”, e.g., databases on –network topology, nodes connected –applications available (versions, licences,...) “streams” of data, e.g., –sensor data (cpu load, network traffic,...) Data streams may give rise to data pools if they are archived Today: R-GMA is tailored towards streams, but not pools

9. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System9 Examples of Monitoring Queries “Show me the (average) cpu-load of computers at Heriot-Watt!” “Between which nodes was yesterday the average transportation time for 1 MB packets higher than than 0.… seconds?” For every computing element CE, how many computers of CE have currently a cpu-load of no “ more than 30%?”

10. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System10 Grid Monitoring Requirements Support for publishing data “pools” and “streams” Support for locating data sources (automatic, if possible) Queries with different temporal interpretations (continuous, latest state, history) Scalability (there may be thousands of data sources) Resilience to failure (data sources may become unavailable) Flexibility (we don’t know which queries will be posed)

11. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System11 Architecture Approach 1: A Monitoring Data Warehouse Idea: –store all data about the Grid status into a huge database –and query it Not realistic: Loading takes time Data occupy space Connections to the warehouse may fail Often monitoring data flow as data streams, and queries ask for data streams as output

12. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System12 Approach 2: Monitoring with a “Multi-agent System” The Grid Monitoring Architecture (GMA) of the Global Grid Forum distinguishes between: Consumer Producer Monitoring- Application Data BaseSensor Directory Service find/ register Consumers of information Producers of information Directory Service –Producers register their supply –Consumers register their demand Directory Service mediates between producers and consumers

13. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System13 Questions about GMA: Which kinds of producers and consumers are there? In which language do producers register their supply and consumers their demand ? What is the meaning of a registration? How does a consumer find suitable producers? And how does a producer find suitable consumers? Producers have different capabilities to answer queries (e.g. selections, joins, …). Which of them should they register?

14. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System14 R-GMA: A Virtual Monitoring Data Warehouse Language of producers and consumers: relational queries (SQL) Vocabulary: Relations in a global schema Consumer DB-Producer Global Schema S DB Stream Producer Sensor V1 V2... Vn V Views on S Registry Query Consumer: poses queries over global schema Producer: –has a type (stream p., database p.) –publishes relations R1, …,Rk –for every R, registers a simple view V on the global schema

15. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System15 Schema & Contributions CPULoad (Global Schema) CountrySiteFacilityLoadTimestamp UKRALCDF0.319055711022002 UKRALATLAS1.619055611022002 UKGLACDF0.419055811022002 UKGLAALICE0.519055611022002 CHCERNALICE0.919055611022002 CHCERNCDF0.619055511022002 CPULoad (Stream Producer 3) CHCERNATLAS1.619055611022002 CHCERNCDF0.619055511022002 CPULoad (Stream Producer 1) UKRALCDF0.319055711022002 UKRALATLAS1.619055611022002 CPULoad (Stream Producer 2) UKGLACDF0.419055811022002 UKGLAALICE0.519055611022002

16. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System16 Contributions are Views CPULoad (Producer 1) UKRALCDF0.319055711022002 UKRALATLAS1.619055611022002 CPULoad (Producer 2) UKGLACDF0.419055811022002 UKGLAALICE0.519055611022002 SELECT * FROM cpuLoad WHERE country = ’UK’ AND site = ’RAL’ SELECT * FROM cpuLoad WHERE country = ’UK’ AND site = ’GLA’

17. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System17 Keys in the Global Schema Network t hrough p ut: tp(src, dest, method, pcktSize, timestamp, time) Intuitively, tp has the primary key (src, dest, method, pcktSize, timestamp). We need to know the primary keys to understand the global schema to answer latest snapshot queries Primary keys are declared, but not enforced! Although, sometimes they hold globally if they hold locally !

18. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System18 Metaphor: Roles and Agents R-GMA Clients: Grid components or Grid applications Clients can play the roles of producers or consumers A client would need special capabilities for a role: Clients are supported in their roles by agents Implementation: APIs for client roles: “ new StreamProducer(…) ” Agents are objects on a Web server

19. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System19 Primary Producers Database producer supports queries over fixed set of tuples (static queries) can be used to publish a database Stream producer supports queries over changing set of tuples (continuous queries) supports “latest snapshot queries” –offers up-to-date values for each primary key in a db Today: DatabaseProducer’s and StreamProducer’s in R-GMA are different from the above!

20. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System20 Communication Modes of Stream Producers Stream Producers may offer two communication modes for continuous queries: –lossless (… but tuples could become stale) –lossy (… but tuples are fresh) Producer Servlet IIIIIIII... ProducerConsumer Consumer Servlet IIIIIIII... Queue Today: R-GMA ’ s StreamProducer ’ s are resilient and support lossless communication

21. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System21 Republishers Publish Query Answers Archiver: shows the history of a stream. Stream Republisher: enables –merging, –thinning, –summarising of streams …

22. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System22 Republishers in R-GMA Today Republishers are called “archivers” (although some of them don't archive anything) An archiver (= republisher) is defined by a query consumes only from “stream producers” publishes the query result according to its type, using –a “stream producer”, or –a “latest snapshot producer”, or –a “database producer” (which keeps an archive) Republishers are used to answer complex queries!

23. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System23 The Next Step: Hierarchies of Stream Republishers country = ‘uk’ National Republisher site = ‘hw’ site =‘ral’ Local/site Republisher Stream Producers ral hw

24. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System24 Republisher Hierarchies: The Issues Republishers are defined by queries: hierarchies have to be maintained automatically new stream producers must only be added to republishers at “lowest level” hierarchy has to be replanned if a republisher fails difficult: transition from one plan to the other without loss of tuples How well can we describe the content of a stream? Possibly need for descriptions that join stream relations CPULoad(machineID, load, timestamp) static relations locatedAt(machineID, site)

25. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System25 What is the Meaning of a Query in R-GMA? Assumption: the views of (primary) producers are selections on a single relation, i.e., queries of the form SELECT * FROM cpu_load WHERE machine_id = ‘AB123’ AND loc = ‘hw’ (each producer contributes its parts of a relation) The virtual database contains the union of the data of all the primary producers Conceptually, a query is evaluated over the entire virtual db

26. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System26 Stream Queries can have Various Temporal Interpretations Consider a query over the relation “Transport Time” tt(src, dest, pcktSize, method, timestamp, time) SELECT * FROM tt WHERE src = ral AND dest = bologna What is meant? Measurements –from now ? (Continuous Query) –up until now ? (History Query) –right now ? (Latest Snapshot Query) Today: Queries can be “flagged” with their type

27. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System27 Advanced Queries: Mixing Temporal Query Types “Which connections have currently a transportation time that is higher than last week's average?” (latest snapshot and history) “Show me the cpu load of those machines where it is lower than yesterday's load average!” (continuous and history) We do not intend to support such queries by R-GMA!

28. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System28 In R-GMA Query Answering Needs Mediation Suppose P1, P2 publish for tp ( t hrough p ut) P1: … WHERE src = hw P2: … WHERE src = ral AND pcktSize > 20 A global consumer poses its query over global relations SELECT * FROM tp WHERE pcktSize > 10 A mediator translates this into queries over local relations SELECT * FROM P1.tp WHERE pcktSize > 10 UNION SELECT * FROM P2.tp Today: R-GMA’s mediator handles simple queries like the one above

29. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System29 Global consumers pose queries over global relations SELECT * FROM tp WHERE pcktSize > 10, which are translated into queries over local relations SELECT * FROM P1.tp WHERE pcktSize > 10 UNION SELECT * FROM P2.tp Local consumers pose queries over local relations directly SELECT * FROM P1.tp WHERE method = ping Today: a consumer can be global or local, but local relations cannot be referred to explicitly Global and Local Consumers

30. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System30 How does the Mediator Find Suitable Publishers? P1, P2, P3 publish for tt (Transport Time) P1: … src = hw P2: … src = ral AND pcktSize > 20 P3: … src = ral AND method = ping Q: SELECT * FROM tt WHERE src = ral AND method = ping We see: P1 is not suitable for Q, but P2 and P3 are. Why? src = hw AND src = ral AND method = ping is never true src = ral AND pcktSize > 20 AND … is sometimes true Satisfiability Test! Today: implemented

31. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System31 … So Which Publishers Should the Mediator Ask? P2: … src = ral AND pcktSize > 20 P3: … src = ral AND method = ping Q: SELECT * FROM tt WHERE src = ral AND method = ping All answers to Q returned by P2 are also returned by P3 : whenever src = ral AND pcktSize > 20 AND src = ral AND method = ping is true, then src = ral AND method = ping AND src = ral AND method = ping is true. Hence, R-GMA only needs to ask P3 Entailment Test! Needed for Republisher Hierarchies! (not yet implemented)

32. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System32 … But What Did the Producers Promise? P registers view V Does P promise –some of V ? (sound description) –all of V? (sound and complete description) The Entailment Test only makes sense when the registered views are sound and complete descriptions Producers should register completeness flags

33. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System33 … Why May a Producer not be Complete? The language of views is more restricted than the language of queries Hence: republishers may be unable to say exactly what they publish Archivers may archive in lossy mode Producers may lose tuples A producer may not know everything about the real world Open to debate

34. WP3 Werner Nutt - 1/7/2003R-GMA -DataGrid's Monitoring System34 Summary (1) Monitoring data come in Pools and Streams Global Schema primary keys Types of Stream Queries continuous vs. history vs. latest snapshot Producers DB producers: publish database stream producers: lossless vs. lossy communication modes