1. Objectives
Explain how American Indians may have come to North America.
Describe the process by which different American Indian groups and cultures developed.
Describe the major culture areas prior to the arrival of Europeans in North America.

2. Terms and People
ice age − period in Earth’s history with low global temperatures and glaciers covering large areas
migrate − to travel
Mayas − ancient people of Mexico who lived along the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean coast

3. Terms and People (continued)
Aztecs − ancient people of Mexico who lived in the central highlands
adobe − sun-dried brick made from earth, water, and straw
Iroquois League − loose confederation made up of five Iroquois peoples: the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas

4. How did the spread of civilization begin in the Americas?
The earliest inhabitants of the Americas found a land rich in resources and varied in geographic features.
As they settled across the land, they adapted to local environments and developed distinct ways of life.

5. Paleo-Indians were the first humans to live in the Americas.
Scholars believe the Paleo-Indians came from Siberia, a region in Asia.
They disagree, however, about when and how the Paleo-Indians arrived.

6. Migration to the Americas
Land Bridge Theory
Many scholars think that 15,000 years ago, during an ice age, hunters crossed a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska in search of mammoths and other animals.
Coastal Route Theory
Today, some scholars think that 40,000 years ago, hunters and gatherers arrived in small boats, eventually working their way down the west coasts of the Americas.

7. The Paleo-Indians eventually migrated throughout the Americas.

8. About 12,000 to 10,000 years ago, the climate warmed, melting the polar ice and raising the ocean level.
The warming climate and the skill of hunters killed off the mammoths and other large animals.
Paleo-Indians adapted by turning their attention to fishing, gathering of nuts and berries, and hunting smaller mammals.

9. About 3,500 years ago in central Mexico, Native Americans developed agriculture.
The expanded food supply led to population growth and permanent villages.
In Mexico, some villages grew into great cities ruled by powerful chiefs.

10. In Mexico, the Mayas and the Aztecs built advanced civilizations.
From Mexico, agriculture slowly spread northward into North America.
However, in some places, people continued hunting, gathering, and fishing.

11. Diverse cultures emerged in what would later become the United States
Diverse cultures emerged in what would later become the United States. In different regions, Indian tribes:
had different kinds of homes and clothes.
ate different foods.
developed different traditions.
spoke hundreds of different languages.

12. The arid Southwest climate forced Native Americans to build dams and irrigation canals in order to grow crops.
Some Native Americans in this region lived in adobe houses in farming villages, while others lived in pueblos and cliff dwellings.

13. The Mississippi River Valley
Climate
The region had a humid and temperate climate and generally fertile soil.
Cultural Features
The Native Americans in this region were influenced by the great cultures of Mexico.
They built towns with central plazas, pyramids, and temples.
They traveled by river to trade with other groups.

14. The Great Plains
Climate
The region was an immense, windy, arid grassland that is hotter in the south and colder in the north.
Cultural Features
Native Americans in this region lived in thatched houses, log lodges, or tepees.
They farmed in small villages and hunted the plentiful bison.
They traded and fought with western nomads.

15. Due to the mild winters, warm summers, and ample rainfall of the Southeast, most Native Americans in this region were farmers.
But they also hunted in the forests and fished in the rivers and lakes of the region.

16. Northeastern people developed into two major language groups: the Algonquians and the Iroquoians.
The Algonquians lived in wigwams on the Atlantic seaboard, while the Iroquois lived in longhouses around Lake Ontario and Lake Erie.
Five Iroquois peoples united to form the Iroquois League, which promoted peace among the member nations.

17. Native American Cultures, ca. 1500

19. Despite their cultural diversity, most Native American groups shared several cultural features:
decentralized political power.
spiritual beliefs and shamanism.
little private ownership of property.
equality among the various tribes and nations.
division of labor along gender lines.