1. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 1 of 35 Computer Hardware & Software Session 1

2. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 2 of 35 Computer Hardware

3. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 3 of 35 Objectives n Discuss “The City Inside” and the components inside the CPU like the - –Mother board –Bus –Cards –Ports –Memory –Hard Disk Drive –Floppy Disk Drive –Power Supply Unit –Computer Clock (Real Time Clock)

4. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 4 of 35 Objectives(Contd.) n Classify Computers n Identify a typical PC Configuration of - –An ideal PC –Multimedia – The magic of technology

5. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 5 of 35 “The City Inside” The city inside shows the n Bus - transports data between the processor and other components n Motherboard - consists of a complex group of circuits n Controllers - controls the input/output work in the computer

6. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 6 of 35 “The City Inside”(Contd.) n Cards - fixed on slots contained in buses to enable the expansion of the computer n Ports - entry and exit points of buses

7. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 7 of 35 “The City Inside”(Contd.) n Memory n The hard disk drive n The floppy disk drive n The power supply unit n The computer clock

8. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 8 of 35 Memory n Memory is classified into two types –Primary Memory RAM ROM –Secondary Memory

9. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 9 of 35 RAM n Random Access Memory (RAM) Essentially a read/write memory n While writing new data previous data gets overwritten n RAM is volatile memory n RAM may be classified as: –Dynamic RAM –Static RAM

10. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 10 of 35 ROM n Read Only Memory n Essential functions are stored on the ROM n Data can be read randomly from the ROM n Data cannot be written onto the ROM n Data is hardwired onto these chips at the time of manufacture n It is part of the computer system n ROM is non-volatile storage

11. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 11 of 35 ROM n Though data is hardwired, the user is able to program the following types of ROM : –PROM –EPROM –EEPROM

12. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 12 of 35 PROM n Programmable Read Only Memory n Chips are programmed by burning a fusible link within selected cells n A fused link cannot be restored n Operations once written cannot be erased

13. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 13 of 35 EPROM n Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory n Possible to erase and reprogram the ROM n Erasing is done by exposing the EPROM to ultraviolet rays of a specific frequency

14. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 14 of 35 EEPROM n Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory n Can be programmed through special electric pulses n Circuitry can be integrated into the computer n EEPROM does not have to be removed from its socket for programming

15. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 15 of 35 Secondary Memory n Found outside the CPU box n Also called external memory or external storage n Some examples - –floppy disks –tapes –cartridges –compact discs

16. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 16 of 35 Hard Disk n It is the work horse of the computer system n Data is stored on platters n Data is stored or retrieved using a read/write head n During a read/write, the head is stationary while the platter rotates at a very high speed beneath it.

17. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 17 of 35 Hard Disk (Contd.) n Data is organised in a set of concentric rings called tracks n Each track is divided into sectors n The read/write head may be fixed or movable

18. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 18 of 35 Hard Disk (Contd.) n Fixed Head Tracks

19. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 19 of 35 Hard Disk (Contd.) n Movable Head Tracks

20. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 20 of 35 Hard Disk (Contd.) n A set of corresponding tracks on all surfaces of the disk pack equidistant from the spindle is called a cylinder n Seek time is the time taken to reach the specified cylinder/track n Rotational latency is time taken for the specified sector to reach read/write head

21. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 21 of 35 Hard Disk (Contd.) n Average access time = average latency + average seek time n The full set of these platters and the read/write heads are enclosed in a vacuumed container, to protect it from dust and electrical shocks

22. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 22 of 35 Hard Disk (Contd.)

23. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 23 of 35 Floppy Disk n Allows information to be exchanged between two computers. n One of the easiest and cost effective ways to exchange information n It is enclosed in a plastic jacket to protect it from heat, dust and electrical shocks.

24. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 24 of 35 Floppy Disk (Contd.) n They can be made ‘write protect’, to prevent accidental loss of data

25. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 25 of 35 Classification of Computers Computers can be classified on the basis of - n Purpose n Components n Size and processing power

26. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 26 of 35 Classification of Computers (Contd.) Purpose n Analog Computers n Digital Computers n Hybrid Computers

27. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 27 of 35 Classification of Computers (Contd.) Components n First generation of computers n Second generation of computers n Third generation of computers n Fourth generation of computers n Fifth generation of computers

28. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 28 of 35 Classification of Computers (Contd.) Size and processing power n Microcomputers n Minicomputers n Mainframes n Supercomputers

29. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 29 of 35 Configuration Configuration refers to the manner in which the hardware and software of an information processing system are organised and interconnected.

30. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 30 of 35 The Ideal PC (11/2004) P4 3.0GHZ / Bus 800/ Cache 1MB Motherboard Intel 915GAV/2x Ram 256MB HDD 80GB (7200 rpm)/ DVD 16X FDD1.44MB/ A keyboard/ Mouse Optical Monitor 17“/ USB/ Parallel/ Serial ports Fax Modem Sound Blaster /Speakers Windows 2000/ XP /2003

31. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 31 of 35 Multimedia The multimedia kit consists of - n the sound blaster card n the speakers and n the CD ROM drive n...

32. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 32 of 35 The Session in Brief n The input/output work in a computer is controlled by controllers who work with the processor to make sure that there is no clash of data. n The bus transports data between the processor and the other components. Some examples are the data bus and the control bus. n Ports are access points for the entry or the exit of data. Serial ports allow only a single bit of data to pass through. n Parallel ports allow the passage of more than one bit, i.e. 8 bits at a time. n Memory is classified into primary memory and secondary memory. n The primary memory mainly consist of the RAM and ROM. n The hard disk drive is the work horse of the computer system and it is required for processing, reading and writing data. n Computers are classified according to: –Purpose : Analog, Digital, Hybrid –Size and Processing Power: Microcomputers, Minicomputers, Mainframes, Supercomputers –Components :Generations of computers

33. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 33 of 35 Check Your Progress 1. The data in the computer travels on paths called. 2. The three types of buses found in the computer are, and. 3. are access point for the entry and exit of data. 4. A serial port is also called a port. BUS controldataaddress Ports RS-232

34. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 34 of 35 Check Your Progress(…) 5. The Centronics port is called a port. 6. allow faster processing by using multiple processors and superior technology and are used for complex tasks which require a lot of computational power. 7. computers process information using numbers which is essentially in a binary or a two state format. 8. Memory is essentially divided into_________ and ________memory. parallel SupperComputer Digital primary secondary

35. Concepts of Information Technology/ Session 1a/ 35 of 35 Check Your Progress(…) 9. ______ memory is volatile in nature. 10. The features of _______and_______ machines are combined to create a hybrid computing system. RAM digitalanalog