1. Research Approaches and Designs 15

2. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Dental Public Health & Research: Contemporary Practice for the Dental Hygienist, 3/e Christine Nielsen Nathe After studying this chapter, the dental hygiene student should be able to:  Describe and compare the various research approaches.  Describe various research designs used in oral epidemiology.  Describe the methods used to conduct research studies.  List the parts of a research design. Objectives

3. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Dental Public Health & Research: Contemporary Practice for the Dental Hygienist, 3/e Christine Nielsen Nathe After studying this chapter and participating in accompanying course activities, the dental hygiene student should be competent to do the following:  Use evidence-based decision making to evaluate and incorporate emerging treatment modalities.  Assume responsibility for dental hygiene actions and care based on accepted scientific theories and research as well as the accepted standard of care. Competencies

4. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Dental Public Health & Research: Contemporary Practice for the Dental Hygienist, 3/e Christine Nielsen Nathe  A pilot study is a small version of a proposed study, and is carried out on a small, sometimes intentionally chosen sample. It is a way of working out unforeseen errors in the overall plan for conducting a study, which is called the research design, by doing a trial run. Types of Research

5. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Dental Public Health & Research: Contemporary Practice for the Dental Hygienist, 3/e Christine Nielsen Nathe

6. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Dental Public Health & Research: Contemporary Practice for the Dental Hygienist, 3/e Christine Nielsen Nathe  Descriptive research: the attempt to identify and describe what the topic being researched is.  Analytic research attempts to establish why it is that way and how it came to be that way.  Analytical research may test a hypothesis about the relationship of an exposure to a disease. Research

7. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Dental Public Health & Research: Contemporary Practice for the Dental Hygienist, 3/e Christine Nielsen Nathe  Studies using the historical approach are designed to determine the meaning of past events through a review of records and literature and the use of interviews. Historical studies help to establish the incidence and prevalence of a disease in a population over time. Historical Approach

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15. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Dental Public Health & Research: Contemporary Practice for the Dental Hygienist, 3/e Christine Nielsen Nathe  The descriptive approach includes a variety of studies, including surveys, case studies, developmental studies, document analysis, trend studies, and correlational studies.  Descriptive studies use the survey method to describe the presence and distribution of a disease or health condition in a population or sample. Descriptive Approach

16. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Dental Public Health & Research: Contemporary Practice for the Dental Hygienist, 3/e Christine Nielsen Nathe  Survey research  Case study  Case series Descriptive Approach (cont'd)

17. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Dental Public Health & Research: Contemporary Practice for the Dental Hygienist, 3/e Christine Nielsen Nathe  Developmental studies  Cross-sectional studies  Cohort studies  Longitudinal studies Descriptive Approach (cont'd)

18. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Dental Public Health & Research: Contemporary Practice for the Dental Hygienist, 3/e Christine Nielsen Nathe  Document or content analysis  Trend studies  Correlational research Descriptive Approach (cont'd)

19. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Dental Public Health & Research: Contemporary Practice for the Dental Hygienist, 3/e Christine Nielsen Nathe  A retrospective study looks at a group of people with the disease in the past or present. Usually, this type of research is conducted via medical records.  In a case-control study, two groups are compared. Retrospective Approach

20. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Dental Public Health & Research: Contemporary Practice for the Dental Hygienist, 3/e Christine Nielsen Nathe  An ecologic study also attempts to relate the outcome with exposure to a suspected risk factor, but does so using existing data that are available for the population rather than measuring the exposure and the outcome in the same group. Retrospective Approach (cont'd)

21. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Dental Public Health & Research: Contemporary Practice for the Dental Hygienist, 3/e Christine Nielsen Nathe  Experimental research, also known as clinical trials, is probably the research most familiar to the lay person. In this type of research, an experimental treatment or intervention, called the dependent variable, is studied in a group of people or animals. Experimental Approach

22. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Dental Public Health & Research: Contemporary Practice for the Dental Hygienist, 3/e Christine Nielsen Nathe  The dependent variable may be a new drug or surgical procedure; it is the outcome being studied. The variables that may influence or impact the dependent variable (the outcome) are called independent variables. Experimental Approach (cont'd)

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24. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Dental Public Health & Research: Contemporary Practice for the Dental Hygienist, 3/e Christine Nielsen Nathe  Placebo  Blind study  Double-blind study  Bias  Examiner calibration  Interexaminer  Intraexaminer Experimental Approach (cont'd)

25. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Dental Public Health & Research: Contemporary Practice for the Dental Hygienist, 3/e Christine Nielsen Nathe  Crossover design  Washout period  Split-mouth design Experimental Approach (cont'd)

26. Dental Public Health & Research: Contemporary Practice for the Dental Hygienist, 3/e Christine Nielsen Nathe Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE 15-1 Quasi-Experimental and Experimental Study Designs Source: Adapted from Darby, M. L., & Bowen, D. M. Research methods for oral health professionals: An introduction. St. Louis, MO: C. V. Mosby, 1980. Reprinted by J. T. K. McCann Co., Pocatello, ID, 1993.

27. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Dental Public Health & Research: Contemporary Practice for the Dental Hygienist, 3/e Christine Nielsen Nathe  A quasi-experimental approach is an experimental study that lacks inherent control. Results may be used when planning further studies. There are instances when the quasi-experimental approach is used because use of a control is not practical or necessary. Quasi-Experimental Approach

28. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Dental Public Health & Research: Contemporary Practice for the Dental Hygienist, 3/e Christine Nielsen Nathe  Research  Historical  Descriptive  Retrospective  Experimental  Quasi-experimental Summary