2. Migration and Its Causes Chapter Six There is no greater sorrow on earth than the loss of one’s native land - Euripides, 431 B.C.

3. Why Move? Conditions are better, safer, easier …….. 3

4. Refugee (www.refugees.org) and (www.unhcr.ch) The current refugee problems in the world 22 million Refugees and internally displaced people in the world in 2000. 467,000 refugees alone in Sudan. 80,000 flee Russian Airstrike in Chechen in September, 1999 Conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia has caused many displaced refugees flee to neighboring countries such as Sudan, Yemen and Djibouti. 4

5. Country of OriginCountries of Asylum No. AfghanistanIran/Pakistan/India2,562,000 IraqIran/Saudi Arabia/Syria572,500 BurundiTanzania/D.R. Congo525,700 Sierra LeoneGuinea/Liberia/Gambia487,200 SudanUganda/Ethiopia/D.R.Congo 467,700 SomaliaEthiopia/Kenya/Yemen/Djibouti 451,600 Bosnia Yugoslavia/Croatia/Slovenia 448,700 EritreaSudan 345,000 CroatiaYugoslavia/Bosnia340,400

6. Internal Displaced Persons, 2000 Bosnia809,000 Sri Lanka612,000 Azerbaijan570,000 Sierra Leone500,000 Soviet Union498,400 (without nationality) Georgia 278,000 Afghanistan258,000 Yugoslavia235,000 Liberia90,000

7. After fighting broke out in Rwanda on 6 April 1994, an estimated 250,000 Rwandese swept into Tanzania over a 24-hour period in the largest and fastest refugee exodus in history. Fleeing ethnic violence, this Rwandan family has crossed the nearest border to reach Ngara, Tanzania. (80% refugees are women or children)

8. Sri Lanka - 612,000 Internally displaced A 16-year conflict between Buddhist Sinhalese government and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Ealam (LTTE) caused 60,000 lives Sierra Leone - 500,000 refugees in other countries

9. East Timor CNN. More than 30,000 people have left East Timor in the last few days, UN officials said. The New York Times reports the UN Secretary- General's spokesman yesterday said as many as 200,000 people, nearly a quarter of East Timor's population, have been driven from their homes within the last four days by militias opposed to independence. Many displaced people who had sought refuge in churches and aid agencies are being rounded up and forcibly moved into Indonesian West Timor, and thousands of others have fled into hills and forests, said Fred Eckhard

10. Types of Refugees International refugees - who have crossed one or more international borders during their move. Intranational refugees - who have abandoned their homes but not their countries permanent refugees - Palestinians in Jordan temporary refugees - Palestinians in Lebanon

11. Internally Displaced Refugees source of data: www.UNHCR.ch Region9899%Change Africa1.590.64-59.8 Asia2.041.72-15.3 Europe1.311.622.7 Lat Am/- Caribbean N America-

12. Characteristics of refugees Most refugees move without any more tangible property than they can carry or transport with them Most refugees make their first “step” on foot, by bicycle, wagon, or open boat. Refugees move without the official documents that accompany channeled migration

13. Notes on Refugees Never know where next crisis will occur, no way to prepare and the refugee map constantly changes.

14. Regions of Dislocation 1) Subsaharan Africa - 8 millions plus more are intranational refugees Four world’s largest refugee crises in Africa - 1) Collapse of order in Somalia 2) Civil wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone 3) Ongoing conflict in Sudan 4) Disaster in Rwanda and its neighbors

15. Regions of Dislocation - 2) Southwest Asia and North Africa 3) Southeast Asia 1) Kurds - after Gulf War, were dislocated to Turkey, Iran and other countries. 2) Palestinians 3) Afghanistan - 1.2 million in Pakistan 4) Sri Lanka - civil war caused 1 million intranational refugees 5) Vietnamese - 1 million, US took 900,000 6) Cambodia and Burma

16. 4) Europe Yugoslavia - in 1995, more than 6 million Kosovo Find out the Gypsies in US

17. Direction Absolute direction - compass direction Relative direction - perception of a location. Viewed from London - - Near East : Turkey, Egypt, Libya - Mid East : Iraq and Persian Gulf - Far East : East Asian region

18. Absolute and Relative Distance Measured by scale on the map - absolute distance Relative Distance - distance in reality A sizable percentage of movers return to their original home

19. Figure 6-1 Relative distance

20. External and Internal Migration Migration - Emigration and Immigration US has more immigrants than emigrants vs. European countries Early in the 20th century, black family moved from south to the industrializing cities (rust-belt) During 80s and 90s, people moved from East to West, North to South.

21. Migration and Demographic Structure City vs. countryside - family size, no. of children The poor vs. rich - within the city limits Male is more than female in the beginning (migration). Loss of male in war and longer life expectancy -> No. of female > No. of male India and Africa - problems of social adjustment due to fewer female in cities.

22. Reasons for the departure Economic Conditions - crossing the border to look for a better opportunity Political Circumstances - boat people fled Vietnam, Cubans and most recently, East Timor.. Armed Conflict and Civil War, more than 2 mil. Left home in Rwanda. Environmental Conditions: Potato crisis in Ireland in 1840s. Earthquake and volcanic eruptions.

23. Departure - 2 Culture and Traditions - Jewish left Russia in early 1990s Technological Advances - air conditioning in Sunbelt Flow of Information - new info highway spread the info faster than ever.

24. Migration theory - Ernst Ravenstein Net migration = outflow - inflow (return) Short-distance moves Big-city destinations if moved longer distances Rural residents more likely move (in developing countries, such as China) Families are less likely to move than young adults

25. Push or Pull? Push factor - push people to leave their abodes Pull factor - attract people to certain locals from other places Are you being pushed or pulled into Cookeville?

26. Distance Decay The closer, the safer you feel. Step Migration - move in a series of stages Pull factors comes into play Intervening Opportunity

27. Voluntary and forced migration Two major migration flows - Europeans to overseas colonies and Africans to the Americas 1970s, Asians was forced to leave Uganda - forced migration which is different kinds of forced migration.

28. Voluntary Migration American Dream - millions from Europe. Irish families left for the New World - a “Pull” factor. Muslims picked Pakistan instead of India. Religion reason In US. Retiree move to sunbelt - living with other retiree - Florida and Arizona.

29. Figure 6-3 The Atlantic Slave Trade

30. Forced Migration Slave trade - a dark period in human history. Families were destroyed, children orphaned, and communities disrupted. Loneliness and terror faced by the African slaves. Convicts were shipped from Britain to Australia (1788-1838) During early 1900s, non-Russian forced to move to Central Asia and Siberia for political reasons Native Americans forced onto reservations during 1800s. Counter migration- illegal entries are sent back by government.