1. ©These slides may be freely used, distributed, and incorporated into other works. 1 Addressing Modes For speed… we want fixed-size instructions, and they should be small. Fixed-size, so that 2 update PC is the one step PC  PC + single constant value Small size, so that 1 fetch instruction can be done in a single memory access.

2. ©These slides may be freely used, distributed, and incorporated into other works. 2 A fixed-size of 32 bits is acceptable. add $4, $10, $21 add 41021 6555 21(<32)

3. ©These slides may be freely used, distributed, and incorporated into other works. 3 What about lw $16, X ? lw 16 X 6 5 32 43 (not <32) In fact, any instruction with an address is not < 32 bits.

4. ©These slides may be freely used, distributed, and incorporated into other works. 4 The use of addressing modes offer ways of answering the question: Where is the operand? If there is no choice of addressing mode, no bits of machine code identify addressing mode. With choice, extra bits are needed. MIPS: no choice!

5. ©These slides may be freely used, distributed, and incorporated into other works. 5 If machine code not fixed size, place address in instruction. An invented example, like the MIPS code: lw $16, X lw 16 X 6 5 effective address 32 Called direct addressing mode

6. ©These slides may be freely used, distributed, and incorporated into other works. 66 put address in a register lw $16, ($8) Address of variable effective address lw 16 8 6 5 5 16 Bits Calledregister direct (<32)

7. ©These slides may be freely used, distributed, and incorporated into other works. 77 Add the contents of 2 registers to form an address effective address Not on MIPS! (invented for an example) lw $16, ($8)($9) lw 16 8 9 6 5 5 5 21 Bits (<32)

8. ©These slides may be freely used, distributed, and incorporated into other works. 88 Use those extra 16 bits for a constant… lw $16, 24($8) 24 + Value in $8  address effective lw 16 8 24 6 5 5 16 32 bits The only addressing mode on the MIPS for load/store! Calledbase displacement

9. ©These slides may be freely used, distributed, and incorporated into other works. 99 If operand is in a register, effective address does not make sense, but called register addressing mode So, for the MIPS instruction add $12, $13, $8 ALL 3 operands imply a register addressing mode

10. ©These slides may be freely used, distributed, and incorporated into other works. 10 If an operand is in the instruction, called immediate mode addi $8, $9, -1 addi 8 9 -1 6 5 5 16 Bits effective address is the instruction’s address !

11. ©These slides may be freely used, distributed, and incorporated into other works. 11 Use any “extra” bits within the instruction for a constant. Use constant as an offset: offset + PC  effective address 11

12. ©These slides may be freely used, distributed, and incorporated into other works. 12 beq $11, $14, somewhere somewhere: # another instruction here beq1114offset 655 16 offset ≈ somewhere – beq’s address called PC Relative

13. ©These slides may be freely used, distributed, and incorporated into other works. 13 Use any “extra” bits in the instruction to hold part of an address... on MIPS: jsomewhere somewhere: # instruction here 13

14. ©These slides may be freely used, distributed, and incorporated into other works. 14 jpart of addr 6 32-6 = 26 bits 32 address somewhere 26 bits goes in instruction other MSBs come from PC! 14

15. ©These slides may be freely used, distributed, and incorporated into other works. 15 memory **** //////// wonderful addressing mode that is not offered(!) any more... register indirect not on MIPS! Invented for an example: lw $8, (($9)) //////// $8 **** $9 @@@@@

16. ©These slides may be freely used, distributed, and incorporated into other works. 16 RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer  small instruction set  machine code is a fixed size (and small)  no choice of addressing modes (in the machine code)  simple instructions 16

17. ©These slides may be freely used, distributed, and incorporated into other works. 17 CISC Complex Instruction Set Computer  often, huge instruction set (up to 256 unique instructions!)  machine code varies from one instruction to another in terms of size (example: x861 to 17 bytes!)  often lots of addressing mode choice (each operand's addressing mode is specified independent of the others!) 17

18. ©These slides may be freely used, distributed, and incorporated into other works. 18 CISC addressing modes example VAX add13,(R4),R3 immediateregister register direct 13 + value from memory  R3 machine code: add1 byte op code 1 byte (immediate) 8 bytes 32-bit 2’s comp 1 byte (reg direct, R4) 1 byte (reg, R3) 18