1. Microcontrollers

2. An embedded microcontroller is a chip which a computer processor with all it’s support functions (clocking and reset), memory, and i/O built into the device. Power dist Control store Reset control Clock and timing RAM Microcontroller block diagram

3. types of microcontrollers Embedded – All the hardware required to run the application is provided on the chip. typically: power, reset, clock, memory and IO. External memory – some microcontrollers allow the connection of external memory. Microcontroller primarily differ from a microprocessor in the areas of built-in peripheral features. These features could include memory device selection, timers, interrupt controllers, DMA, and IO devices like serial ports.

4. Processor Architecture Harvard and Princeton – US govt asked for computer to be used with naval shell distance for varying elevations and environmental conditions. – Princeton provided ‘Von Neumann’ architecture where common memory space are used for storing program and data. Memory unit is responsible for arbitrary access to memory space between reading instructions and passing data back and forth with processor and its internal registers. Advantages: simple memory interfacing and management. – Harvard proposes a design that used separate memory banks for program storage, the processor stack, and variable RAM. Advantage: execute instruction in fewer cycles than Von Neumann.

5. Princeton architecture block diagram program ROM Variable RAM Stack RAM memory interface unit Processor and built- in registers instruction decode Data Add Ctrl

6. Harvard architecture block diagram program ROMVariable RAM PC Stack Processor and built-in registers instruction decode Data Add Ctrl Data Add Ctrl

7. CISC versus RISC – RISC stands for “Reduced Instruction Set Computers”. Instructions are as bare a minimum as possible to allow users to design their own operations. – CISC stands for “Complex Instruction Set Computers”. Large number of instructions, each carrying out a different permutation of the same operation.

8. Microcontroller memory types control store – program memory or firmware. this memory space is the maximum size of the application that can be loaded into the microcontroller and that the application also includes all the low-level code and device interface necessary to execute an application. – nonvolatile – 8051 has 5 different types of control store : none, mask ROM, PROM, EPROM and EEPROM/Flash

9. variable area – 4 types variable data storage: bits, registers, variable RAM, PC stack. – in 8051 they are implemented as SRAM. – program counter stack – part of the RAM. – LIFO memory. – must be initialized by the starting address of the stack area.

10. Hardware interface registers (I/O space) – could be memory mapped or IO mapped. – mostly in variable memory space. program ROM IO registers variable RAM Stack Counter program ROM IO registers variable RAM Stack Counter IO in Princeton architecture memory mapped IO separate IO space

11. IO in Harvard architecture program ROM registers space IO registers program ROM registers space IO registers program ROM register space IO registers IO registers in program ROM IO registers in register space IO registers in separate space

12. Microcontroller features clocking IO pins interrupts timers Peripherals ADC inputs DAC outputs PWM outputs Basic features

13. Reset vector Interrupt 0 8 byte data area Interrupt 1 8 byte data area 8051 has two interrupts 00003 0000B interrupts Upon receipt of an interrupt: 1.Save the context register information 2.Reset the hardware requesting interrupt. 3.Reset the interrupt controller. 4.Process the interrupt. 5.Restore the context information. 6.Return to the previously executing code. Context Registers are the registers used by the interrupt during the operation of the cdoe. Exmple: addc A,@R0 during executing this code, Context registers: ACC, status register, R0 register. These are saved in Stack. Priority Nesting

14. Timers/counters Event detection, timed control signal generation, counter etc. Reads from or written to by the processor and is given by some constant frequency source. Generates an interrupt at the overflow. Run by µC clock or external clock.

15. 8051 several clock cycle makes an instruction cycle. 8051 instruction cycle consists of 12 clock cycles. application should be run using slower clock speed to reduce power consumption. Dallas version of 8051 is 87C51 has EPROM as control store and CMOS device: 24Mhz 12 cycle per instruction 4Kbyte of Control stote 128 bytes of RAM 32 I/O lines Two 8/16-bit times Multiple internal and external interrupts sources Programmable serial ports Interface upto 128Kbytes of external memory

16. 8051 architechture second generation MC Basic architecture

17. 8051 memory-register map up to 64 KB of external EPROM/ ROM up to 60 KB of external ROM/ EPROM 4 KB of internal ROM/ EPROM 22 SF registers up to 64 KB of external RAM 128 KB internal RAM or and program memorydata memory 0000 FFFF 0000 0FFF FFFF 1000 0000 FFFF 0000 007F 0080 00F8 SF = Special Function

18. About RAM 128 bytes of internal RAM (00H to 7FH)is general R/W storage. Part of this RAM is used as general purpose registers. 21 Special-Function Registers (SFR) which are not part of 128 bytes of RAM at 80H to F8H locations of the RAM space. 64 KB External RAM can be used fully in addition to 128 internal RAM. Although 8051 normally operates with separate program and data memory space, there are applications where it can be used as one 64 KB of memory. When this is done, 8051 can input a block of data through its serial communcation port load it into memory, and then execute that data as a program.

19. About Program memory if more program memory is needed, internal 4 KB memory can be expanded by an additional 60 KB, giving a full 64 KB of program memory space. if EA (active low) is asserted, the 8051 does not use the internal 4K ROM. The external memory must start from location 0000H.

20. 128 bytes internal RAM (80) scratch pad (16) bit/byte addressable (8) 8-bit registers bank 3 (8) 8-bit registers bank 2 (8) 8-bit registers bank 1 (8) 8-bit registers bank 0 4 register banks 07 08 0F 17 1F 2F 7F F7F0 F0H E7E0 D7D0 BFB8 B7B0 AFA8 A7A0 9F98 9790 E0H D0H B8H B0H A8H A0H 99H 98H 90H 8DH 8CH 8BH 8AH 89H 8F88 88H 87H 83H 82H 81H 8780 80H B ACC PSW IP P3 IE P2 SBUF SCON P1 TH1 TH0 TL1 TL0 TMOD TCON PCON DPH DPL SP P0 CYACF0 RS1RS0 OVP PSW CY – carry flag AC – auxiliary carry F0 – general purpose indicator RS1 – register bank selector bit 1 RS0 – register bank selector bit 0

21. SFRs are accessed as if they were normal Internal RAM. The only difference is that Internal RAM is from address 00h through 7Fh whereas SFR registers exist in the address range of 80h through F8h. B register is used during multiply and divide operations as to hold higher 8-bit source. Otherwise it can used as a simple scratch-pad register. ACC and PSW are like microprocessor’s accumulator and flag. PSW does not have a zero flag. RS1 and RS0 indicates the current register bank. DPH and DPL is used as 2-byte data pointer DTPR when addressing external memory. Can be used as 8-bit or 16 bit memory pointers. SP incremented just before data is stored by using push or call instruction or the interrupt. 8051 SP initialized to 07H on reset. This means first data put on the stack is loaded into memory location 08H. The 8051 has four I/O ports of 8 bits, for a total of 32 I/O lines. P0,P1,P2 and P3. PCON is power control register. Can put mp into hibernation and conserve power.

22. IO ports

23. All four 8 bit ports are bidirectional. Port latch allows u to store data going out of the port of coming into the port. The latch can be set by data on the data bus or at the port pin. Also the latch can place data on the mc bus or send it to the port pin. Port 0 and 2 can be used to address the external memory. Port 0 can also be used to exchange data from the external port. Port 3 has alternative function. It’s pin 6 and 7 are used as WR/RD control for external data memory. External program memory is read using PSEN control signal.

24. 8051 addressing modes 111 instructions – 49 single bytes, 45 two bytes, and 17 three-bytes. 4 different types of instructions. – data transfer instructions. General purpose: MOV, PUSH, POP Accumulator specific: MOVX, MOVC, XCH Address-object transfer: to load 16 bit address data into data pointer, e.g. MOV #data 16 – Mathematical operations. Add, subtract, multi, divi, rotate, swap, and, or etc. – Control operations. Call, jump, ret etc. – Bit operations. CLR, SETB, CPL, ANL

25. 8 addressing mode – Bank addressing, MOV A, Rn Rn is R0 to R7 of the currently selected bank. – Direct addressing, MOV A, direct “direct” is an internal data memory location pointed by 8 bit – Register indirect addressing, MOV A, @Ri Ri is either R0 or R1 of the currently selected bank – Immediate addressing 8 bit addressing, MOV A, #data – 16-bit absolute addressing, LCALL addr 16 Addr 16 is a 16 bit absolute address in 64K locations – 11 bit relative addressing, ACALL addr 11 Addr 11 is a 11 bit address relative to current PC value – 8 bit offset addressing, JZ rel rel is an 8 bit offset added to current PC value. – Bit addressing, SETB bit Addressing modes

26. examples MOV direct, direct MOV DPTR, #data16 MOVC A,@A+DPTR ; get content from SRAM pointed to by address A+DPTR MOVC A, @A+PC ; get content from control store pointed to by address A+PC MOVX A, @Ri ; get content from external RAM pointed to by Ri MOVX A, @DPTR ; get content from external RAM pointed to by DPTR