1. ORCHIDEE Physical Processes in Orchidée

2. Hydrological Cycle Evapotranspiration and Sensible heat flux : Sechiba N. Ducoudré, 1993 (de Noblet) Soil water flow and soil moisture content: P. de Rosnay (2002) Ground water flow and Groundwater: J. Polcher (2005) Trenberth, 2007

3. Sechiba: Evaporation Impact of African and Amazonian Deforestation on climate: J. Polcher, 1994 Comparison of Sechiba and Bats coupled to NCAR GCM: P. Peylin 1997 Evapotranspiration: A. Barella-ortiz and T. d’Orgeval Modelling of root water uptake: P. de Rosnay and J. Polcher (1998) The simulated soil moisture is the most sensitive to water uptake parameter. This has been underlined in a study by Matthieu Guimberteau (2012)

4. Study over Illinois, M. Guimberteau, 2012 Soil Moisure Index Model forced by NLDAS dataset

5. Soil moisture content: 2 layers I have introduced this 2 layers Model during Hui Ding thesis (1989) Its interest was to allow potential evapotranspiration after a rain. You must keep the upper layer thin enough: Drainage between upper and lower layer (A. Ducharne, 1998) Influence of soil water holding capacity on water cycle (A. Ducharne, 2000)

6. Irrigation, and flood plains ( Sechiba+GW Polcher) Irrigation P. de Rosnay, and flood plains T. d’Orgeval Irrigation over Ganges bassin: delays monsoon onset (M. Guimberteau, 2012) (S. Shukla, et al, 2013: irrigation has to be included to simulate realistically monsoon since 1960) Guimberteau, 2010

7. Origin of the Warming hole? Irrigation from Ogallala aquifer? De Angelis et al, 2010

8. How to improve soil moisture simulations? We have to decrease the uncertainties on drought. PDSI index is not reliable. Mo et al, 2011: study over USA. Two examples

9. The role of resolution in the simulation of hydrological cycle over Iberian Peninsula Sensitivity of the Hydro Cycle, Sylvie Vérant, 2004 Resolution increases interception decreases, evpaoration does not change. But the soil moisture increases

10. Soil moisture in GCM experiment: de Rosnay parameterization (2002) Comparison between 2 versions of Soil moisture Dependence on soil texture

11. Groundwater flow : effect on sea level height (NgoDuc et al, 2005) Observation from Jason

12. In the Future: The decrease of uncertainties High resolution Improve the prediction of agricultural drought. CESE: LA GESTION ET L’USAGEDE L’EAU EN AGRICULTURE: Mai, 2013 Water Ressources (and sea level height): Konikov, 2011. Include all anthropogenic changes

13. The physical processes must be improved Relation with Boundary layer: Ek, M., and L. Mahrt, 1991: A formulation for boundary-layer cloud cover. Ann. Geophys., 9, 716–724. Holtslag, and M. Ek, 1996: Simulation of surface fluxes and boundary layer development over the pine forest in HAPEX–MOBILHY.J. Appl. Meteor., 35, 202–213. Cheruy et al Recycling of land precipitation: Risi et al

14. Thank you

15. Interaction between surface and ABL (Cheruy et al, 2013)