1. Discussion Game Teams
7, 13, 23
2, 9, 30
8, 17, 21
5, 14, 29
6, 11, 25
4, 15, 28
3, 10, 24
12, 18, 27
1, 16, 22
19, 20, 26

2. What does the term “protozoa” mean?
Question 1
What does the term “protozoa” mean?

3. Why are protozoans considered animal-like?
Question 2
Why are protozoans considered animal-like?

4. Kingdom Protista Plant-like Fungus-like Animal-like protozoa
Phylum Zoomastigina
Phylum Ciliophora
Phylum Sarcodina
Phylum Sporozoa

5. Question 3
What is the basis for classifying protozoa into the four different phyla?
Trichomonas vaginalis
Zoomastigina
Euplotes and Stolonychia
Ciliophora
Amoeba proteus
Sarcodina
Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes
Sporozoa ,

6. What structure do members of P. Zoomastigina use to move around?
Question 4
What structure do members of P. Zoomastigina use to move around?

7. Phylum Zoomastigina Gr. mastix, “whip” movement: flagella
feeding: absorbs food through CM
habitat
lakes, streams
solitary, colonial
free-living, symbiotic (some parasitic)
reproduction: binary fission, meiosis
importance: symbionts, food sources in aquatic systems, decomposers
Symbiotic relationship: Trichonympha in termites

8. Question 5
Termites provide the Trichonympha with shelter and nutrients, in return, these protists digest an important carbohydrate in the termite diet. What is this carbohydrate called?

9. Which zooflagellate causes African sleeping sickness?
Question 6
Which zooflagellate causes African sleeping sickness?

10. Trypanosomiasis a.k.a. African sleeping sickness
Pathogen: Trypanosoma brucei Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (West African sleeping sickness) Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (East African sleeping sickness)
Vector: Glossina, tsetse fly

11. Trichomonas infection Pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis Transmission sexual activity; more common in women w/ multiple sexual partners

12. What structure do members of P. Ciliophora use to move around?
Question 7
What structure do members of P. Ciliophora use to move around?

13. What is the purpose of the pointed structure?
Question 8
What is the purpose of the pointed structure?

14. Question 9
Which organelle contains chemicals that aid ciliates in digesting their food intracellularly?

15. Phylum Ciliophora habitat feeding: fresh/saltwater mostly free-living
w/ contractile vacuole
mostly free-living
feeding:
cilia pushes food  gullet  food vacuoles  food vacuole + lysosome  digestion and circulation  waste mat’ls  anal pore
What is the contractile vacuole for?
Gets rid of excess water
Why is there a possibility of having EXCESS WATER inside the organism?
Freshwater environment has lower solute concentration than internal cell environment
Gullet: indentation in one side of the organism
Food vacuoles: found at the base of the gullet
Lysosomes: contains digestive enzymes

16. What do you call the reproductive process shown here?
Question 10
What do you call the reproductive process shown here?

17. What do you call the reproductive process shown here?
Question 11
What do you call the reproductive process shown here?

18. Phylum Ciliophora reproduction: binary fission conjugation
sexual reproduction process
process involves micronuclei:
2 paramecia attach
2n micronucleus: meiosis  mitosis
paramecia exchange micronuclei
Paramecia -
Diagram -
Conjugation
Occurs when organism is under stress
Process: 2 paramecia attach  2N micronuc: meiosis then mitosis  paramecia exchange micronuc
2 paramecia of different mating types are of same appearance but different genetic composition
How would you compare the 2 paramecia at the START and at the END of conjugation?
Start: paramecia genetically different; end: paramecia genetically identical
Why is conjugation considered a sexual PROCESS instead of sexual REPRODUCTION?
Not REPRODUCTION, because no new individual is formed
What is the significance of this process?
 genetic diversity (new genetic combinations are produced)
What is the macronucleus for?
Cellular metabolism and growth (what nuclei are for!)

19. What do you call protective cells of the paramecium shown here?
Question 12
What do you call protective cells of the paramecium shown here?

20. Phylum Ciliophora defense: trichocysts
small, bottle-shaped structures found just below the surface
Conjugation
Occurs when organism is under stress
Process: 2 paramecia attach  2N micronuc: meiosis then mitosis  paramecia exchange micronuc
2 paramecia of different mating types are of same appearance but different genetic composition
How would you compare the 2 paramecia at the START and at the END of conjugation?
Start: paramecia genetically different; end: paramecia genetically identical
Why is conjugation considered a sexual PROCESS instead of sexual REPRODUCTION?
Not REPRODUCTION, because no new individual is formed
What is the significance of this process?
 genetic diversity (new genetic combinations are produced)
What is the macronucleus for?
Cellular metabolism and growth (what nuclei are for!)

21. What structure do members of P. Sarcodina use to move around?
Question 13
What structure do members of P. Sarcodina use to move around?

22. Phylum Sarcodina Amoeba
movement: amoeboid
pseudopodia and cytoplasmic streaming
habitat:
fresh/saltwater
most free-living, some parasitic
feeding: phagocytosis
meal surrounded by pseudopods
food taken into cell, into food vacuole
reproduction: binary fission
Habitat: warmer regions of the ocean
As plankton, w/ symbiotic algae that live beneath shells
Attached to rocks and algae

23. What material makes up the foram shell?
Question 14
What material makes up the foram shell?

24. Phylum Sarcodina Foraminiferans
L. foramen, “little hole” + ferre, “to bear”
habitat: warmer regions of the ocean
test: porous shell made of CaCO3
feeding: pseudopods projecting from pores in test form a sticky, interconnected net that entangles prey
Shells are deposited on ocean floor when they die
Ex. white chalk cliffs of Dover, England
Significance to oil exploration?
Forams in the White Cliffs of Dover in England

25. What material makes up the radiolarian shell?
Question 15
What material makes up the radiolarian shell?

26. Phylum Sarcodina Heliozoans/Radiolarians
habitat: mostly freshwater
test: porous shell made of SiO2
“sun animals”: due to appearance of pseudopods

27. Amoebiasis / Amoebic dysentery
Pathogen: Entamoeba histolytica

28. Amoebiasis, Amoebic dysentery
Transmission  By putting anything into your mouth that has touched the stool of a person who is infected with E. histolytica.  By swallowing something, such as water or food, that is contaminated with E. histolytica.  By touching and bringing to your mouth cysts (eggs) picked up from surfaces that are contaminated with E. histolytica.
Symptoms  One in 10 people becomes sick from infection by E. histolytica  Loose stools, stomach pain, stomach cramping  Amebic dysentery: severe form of amebiasis associated with stomach pain, bloody stools, and fever.  Rare: abscess in liver; infection of lungs or brain

29. Acanthamoeba infection Pathogen A. culbertsoni, A. polyphaga, A
Acanthamoeba infection Pathogen A. culbertsoni, A. polyphaga, A. castellanii,A. healyi, (A. astronyxis), A. hatchetti, A. rhysodes, and possibly others.

30. Acanthamoeba infection How does infection with Acanthamoeba occur?
 Acanthamoeba can enter the skin through a cut, wound, or through the nostrils.
 Amoebas can travel to the lungs and through the bloodstream to other parts of the body, especially the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).
 Through improper storage, handling, and disinfection of contact lenses, Acanthamoeba can enter the eye and cause a serious infection.

31. What structure do members of P. Sporozoa use to move around?
Question 15
What structure do members of P. Sporozoa use to move around?

32. Phylum Sporozoa movement: non-motile
habitat: inside hosts (worms, fish, birds, humans)
feeding
attach and feed by means of an apical complex

33. Phylum Sporozoa reproduction: mostly complex life cycle
may involve >1 host
release sporozoites: tiny infectious cells

34. Malaria Pathogen Vector Plasmodium falciparum (can be fatal), female Anopheles P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae

35. Malaria
Transmission  Infected Anopheles bites human, injects saliva containing Plasmodium  Plasmodium sporozoites enter bloodstream, infect RBCs and liver cells where they multiply rapidly  Infected cells burst and release toxins into bloodstream
Symptoms  Released toxins cause fever, chills, flu-like symptoms

36. Malaria
Incidence

37. Malaria Incidence  Tropical/subtropical regions
temp allows Anopheles to thrive
temp needed by parasites to complete growth w/in mosquito
 According the the WHO:
M cases/year
~1-2M deaths/year
 one of the leading causes of death
 Africa: 1 child/30 sec.

38. Malaria
Eradication
 Eradicated from developed countries w/ temperate climate
 Major health problem in developing countries and in tropical/subtropical parts of the world
 Problems w/ eradication campaigns:
1. Resistance of mosquitoes to insecticides
2. Resistance of parasites to drugs
3. Administrative issues

39. Interesting websites: (and two of the sources for this lecture)
Center for Disease Control’s Division of Parasitic Diseases Parasites and Health Webpage
Center for Disease Control’s Malaria Webpage