1. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 KEEE 4426 VLSI WEEK 2 REVIEW

2. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 MOSFET

3. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 CMOS

4. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 CMOS

5. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 Technology evolution

6. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 ITRS(1)

7. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 ITRS(2)

8. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 ITRS(3)

9. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 ITRS(4)

10. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 Feature size

11. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 Capacitance Modeling

12. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 Gradual Channel Approximation

13. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 Classification of device and circuit simulators

14. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 Design flow

15. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 Process and Device simulator(1)

16. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 Process and Device simulator(2)

17. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 Circuit simulators

18. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 MOSFETS Mode of Operation(1)

19. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 MOSFETS Mode of Operation(2)

20. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 MOSFETS Mode of Operation(3)

21. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 MOSFETS Mode of Operation(4)

22. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 MOSFETS Mode of Operation(5)

23. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 Memory technology(1)

24. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 Memory technology(1)

25. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 P-N Junction

26. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 Equilibrium(1) The -ve acceptor atoms in the P-type material repel the mobile electrons on the N-type side of the join (Junction). The +ve donors in the N-type material also repel the holes on the P-type side of the junction. The free electrons inside the N-type material need some extra energy to overcome the repulsion of the P-type's acceptor atoms. If they don't have enough energy, they can't cross the depletion zone & reach the P-type material. If they do manage to get past this energy barrier some of their kinetic energy will have been converted into potential energy

27. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 Equilibrium(2) The free electrons inside the N-type material need some extra energy to overcome the repulsion of the P- type's acceptor atoms. If they don't have enough energy, they can't cross the depletion zone & reach the P-type material. If they do manage to get past this energy barrier some of their kinetic energy will have been converted into potential energy This means the amount of energy converted from kinetic to potential form (or vice versa) when an electron crosses the depletion zone is where e is the charge on a single electron.

28. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 Depletion Zone depletion zone is free of charge carriers the electrons/holes find it difficult to cross this zone. very little current to flow when we connect an external voltage supply & apply a small potential difference between the two pieces of semiconducting material. (Here, ‘small’ mean small compared with, which an electron requires to get over the potential barrier.)

29. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 Reversed Biased The effect of applying a bigger voltage depends upon which way around it's connected. When we make the N-type side more +ve (i.e. drag some of the free electrons out of it) & the P-type more - ve (drag holes out of it) will increase the difference in potential across the barrier. This makes it even harder for a stray electron or hole to cross the barrier.

30. Norhayati Soin 05 KEEE 4426 WEEK 2 06/01/2006 Forward biased When we make to N-type side more -ve & the P-type side more +ve we force lots of extra electrons & holes into the two pieces of material. To understand the effect of this, let's concentrate on the electrons. The electrons in the N-type region near the junction are repelled by the fixed acceptor atoms in the P-type. However, they're also repelled by the other electrons drifting around inside the N- type material.