1. Democratic Reform and Activism

2. British Reforms Early 1800s only 5% could vote (rich)
Suffrage movement began with middle class men
Reform Bill of 1832 made voting available to middle class men-response to French violence & revolutionaries

3. The Chartist Movement
Popular Movement among workers who were not given the vote
Based on the People’s Charter
Suffrage for all men
Secret ballot
All British men had vote by 1884

4. Women’s Suffrage Movement for women to be given right to vote
Peaceful efforts gave way to militant
New Zealand (1893) and Australia (1902) first countries
Wyoming 1869
U.S. and Britain—not until post-WWI

5. French Issues
averaged almost 1 change of government per year
The Third Republic—lasted nearly 60 years, but very unstable & France remained divided
1880s & 90s, republic threatened by monarchists, aristocrats, clergy, & army
Anti-semitism played role in instablility—Dreyfus affair was battleground for this

6. Zionist Movement
Jewish people facing discrimination (anti-Semitism) in Europe sought safe homes
Zionist movement to establish Israel as Jewish homeland in Palestine
Based on historic beliefs of homeland
Theodor Herzl led

7. Activist Movements