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ADHD and Screen Media Katlin Burley and Jose Campos University of Texas at San Antonio
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Background DSM-IV definition of ADHD & Definition of “Screen Media” Specifically looking at screen media usage and ADHD prevalence/awareness Previous Studies Current views and controversies
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The Research Question(s) Is there a relationship between awareness of ADHD and rates of ADHD diagnosis? Does screen media have an impact on the opinions and incident rates of ADHD diagnoses in children? How does media impact the developing brain? Is there a relationship between number of hours of screen media ad attention deficits?
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Overview of the Research Hypotheses: -Increased awareness of ADHD leads to higher rates of ADHD diagnosis. -Increased screen media usage is positively correlated with increased ADHD diagnoses. -Exposure to screen media at a younger age increases the likelihood of attention deficits later in life. General Social Survey variables: -Hours per day watching TV -What does R know about ADHD? (verbatim) -ADHD Real?
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GSS Variable 1 Summary Statistics NAP: 50102 No Answer: 12 Valid Cases: 906 Mean:16.898Std.Dev.:24.675N:918 Median:7.000Variance:608.842Missing:56143 99% confidence interval +/- mean: 14.799 to 18.997 95% confidence interval +/- mean: 15.301 to 18.495
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GSS Variable 2 Mean:2.971Std.Dev.:2.353N:33855 Median:2.000Variance:5.538Missing:23206 99% confidence interval +/- mean: 2.938 to 3.004 95% confidence interval +/- mean: 2.946 to 2.996
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Research Design and Methods Looked at previous studies and the variables compared to assess what variables have a positive correlation with attentional deficits Conducted supplemental research in order to draw conclusions about the data observed in analyzed studies and GSS variables Controls Tests Used to Assess Attentional Deficits -ACTeRS -Barkley’s (1991) Restricted Academic Situation coding system (Observ) -Distractibility/Hyperactivity scale (DI) of the Parenting Stress Index, Third edition -Stroop Color Word Test -Self-Report diary (by students) -Parent report
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The Results The amount of television a child views is significantly related to teacher ratings of attentional difficulties (ACTeRS) However…. There was no significant relationship found between the amount of time a child watches television and : -Parent ratings of attentional difficulty behaviors -Classroom observations of attentional difficulty behaviors -Performance on standardized tests Type of show did not relate to attentional outcome variable Stroop results support the hypothesis that TV induces a state of arousal, an expectation of entertainment, and subsequent boredom in a less constantly stimulating classroom - So ADHD is more behavior related than cognitive processing?
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Canonical Correlation Between Attention Variables and Television Viewing Set 1 Sample Size: 70 Fourth and Fifth Grade Students (Levine and Waite)
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Canonical Correlation Between Attention Variables and Television Viewing Set 2 Sample Size: 70 Fourth and Fifth Grade Students (Levine and Waite)
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Data Tables ACTeR S ObservStroopDITVTimeActAd ACTeRS1.00-.46-.13-.22-.40-.16 Observ1.00-.02.11-.10.19 Stroop1.00.09-.13 DI1.00.00.04 TVTime1.00.46 ActAd1.00 Mean47.7019.8551.1537.670.044.24 SD**7.6911.4510.5729.180.843.48 Min17.503.001.803.00-1.550.00 Max57.5056.0077.4099.002.1520.00 VariableCanonical Loading Standardized Coefficient Set 1 ACTeRS.861.10 Observ-.16.33 Stroop.26.39 DI.02.19 Set 2 TVTime-.99-1.06 ActAd-.340.14 Represents Charts on Slides 7 and 8 Sample Size: 70 Fourth and Fifth Grade Students Standard Deviation on chart: SD** (Levine and Waite)
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Research Questions Revisited Is there a relationship between awareness of ADHD and rates of ADHD diagnosis? Does screen media have an impact on the opinions and incident rates of ADHD diagnoses in children? How does media impact the developing brain? Is there a relationship between number of hours of screen media ad attention deficits?
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Conclusion Overall, Screen media has been shown to be positively correlated with attention deficits and ADHD. Hypotheses -Increased awareness of ADHD leads to higher rates of ADHD diagnosis. SUPPORTED -Increased screen media usage is positively correlated with increased ADHD diagnoses. SUPPORTED -Exposure to screen media at a younger age increases the likelihood of attention deficits later in life. SUPPORTED Significance to the field
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Next Steps Further Research Parts of the research that need to be refined or repeated
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Bibliography American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author. Christakis, D.A., et al. Early television exposure and subsequent attentional problems in children. Pediatrics 2004; 113: 708-713. Courage, M.L., and Howe, M.L., (2010). To watch or not to watch: Infants and toddlers in a brave new electronic world. Developmental Review, 30, 101-115. Krosnick, Jon, (1999) A Survey Research, Annual Review of Psychology. Retrieved from http://www3.norc.org/GSS+Website/Browse+GSS+Variables/Subject+Index/ Levine, L.E., and Waite, B.M. (2000). Television viewing and attentional abilities in fourth and fifth grade children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 21(6), 667-679. McLeod, Jane D., Fettes, Danielle, Jensen, Peter (2002) Public Knowledge and Attitudes about Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Retrieved from http://www3.norc.org/GSS+Website/Browse+GSS+Variables/ Subject+Index/ http://www3.norc.org/GSS+Website/ Ray, M., Jat, R.K., (2010). Effect of electronic media on children. Indian Pediatrics, 47, 561-568. Swing, E.L., et al. (2010). Television and video game exposure and the development of attention problems. Pediatrics, 126(2), 214-222.
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