1. Peers Development of interactions Infants - simple behaviors - more elaborate responses to others who are more socially skilled

2. Toddlers a) Solitary play b) Parallel play c) Coordinated interactions - imitation & complementary roles - end of Sensorimotor Period

3. Preschoolers - prefer peers - cooperative play common theme & distinct roles - make believe (Preoperational)

4. School Years & Adolescence - rule-governed play - logical thought (Concrete Operations) - rough-&-tumble play - group activities

5. Other influences on interaction Parents - promote or discourage interactions - parental involvement: -> better socializing, more cooperative play, longer interactions - secure attachment - better peer relations - self-confidence

6. Preschool The more days attended: - more outgoing - less aggressive - stronger friendships - liked elementary school better But some dislike preschool

7. Sociability - stable by 2 years - predicts adolescence/young adult sociability - from temperament/genes, attachment, & childrearing - unsociable children = usually deficient at social skills

8. Teaching social skills - coach - instruction & modeling - practice - reinforcement

9. For very aggressive kids - retrain overly hostile attributions - generate nonaggressive solutions

10. Friendship Preschool - prefer certain peers by 20 months ** “friend” = someone fun to play with common activities - some altruism

11. School age - stable over 1 year by 4th grade - help each other - first intense peer attachment ** “friend” = someone who fulfills self- interest - still largely one-way

12. - by 8-10, reciprocity - based on similarities - competition

13. Adolescence - importance of peers - independence & identity **- “friend” = someone to talk to, share with loyalty & intimacy - friendships tend to last - from competition to mutual support

14. Determinants of Friendship Similarities - race, sex, age, attitudes & interests

15. Differences - admirable qualities that complement self - not in area of competition - BIRGing (basking in reflected glory)

16. Social Status Sociometric ratings (3 methods) Rate each classmate on like/dislike Nominate 3 classmates for like/dislike*** - most commonly used Class Play - choosing classmates for roles

17. Concerns of schools/parents - not borne out by observations

18. Different statuses Popular - many like, few dislike Average - some like, some dislike Rejected - many dislike, few like Neglected - few nominations at all Controversial - many like & dislike

19. What makes a child liked or not? Physical characteristics - attractive - athletic Cognitive skills - intelligent & good academics

20. Birth order - later born Interpersonal behavior - socially skilled - well-behaved - outgoing & friendly

21. Labels (e.g., MR, ADHD) - labeled = disliked Names - attractive - mainstream

22. Outcomes of Negative Status Neglected - no long-term ill effects - eventually accepted

23. Rejected - usually not eventually accepted - high risk of later problems - parental models & style

24. Controversial - little research - some friends may buffer against dislike