2. Area of Study 05: Structure and Form AQA GCSE Music

3. Areas of Study AoS 01: Rhythm and Metre AoS 02: Harmony and Tonality A0S 03: Texture and Melody AoS 04: Dynamics and Timbre AoS 05: Structure and Form

4. What is Structure and Form? The way musical ideas are arranged and ordered in a composition Needs to have the right balance of repetition and contrast

5. Binary Two sections of roughly equal length First section (A) is then answered by the second section (B) Each section is usually repeated There is usually a modulation (Key Change) in Section A which is continued into Section B, where there is another modulation changing the key signature back to the beginning one. A A B B Each Section Usually Repeats

6. Mozart’s Piano Sonata No. 6 (K.284 III) Track 01

7. Ternary Built up in three sections: A, B, A Section B contains a contrast in some way to Section A The repeat of Section A can be exactly the same as the first time or it may have added detail to make it more interesting A1 B B A2

8. Schubert Piano Sonata No. 13 in A major, D. 664 (Op. 120) I Track 02

9. Ternary – Example 02 Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star Track 03

10. Arch-Shape This form is completely symmetrical The plan of the music resembles an arch; A, B, C, B, A A A B B C C B B A A A BC B A Bartók – The 4 th and 5 th string quartets by Bartók are examples of Arch-Shape being used.

11. Rondo Form A main theme (A) keeps on returning between contrasting sections A, B, A, C, A, D, A and so on The contrasting sections are called episodes (B,C,D etc.) Remember the Main Section (A) may change slightly each time e.g. may be made shorter A1 (Main Theme) B1 (First Episode) A2 (Repeat of Main Theme) C (Second episode) A3 (Repeat of Main Theme) D (Third Episode) A4 (Repeat of Main Theme)

12. Typical Exam Questions (Structure and Form) A 1 A 2 A 1 A 2 B A 2 A 1 A 2 A 3 BA 1 A 2 B C Example 01 Example 02 Example 03 A A B B A A A B A A A B A C AA B C A A A A B BA A B AA A B CA B Track 04 Track 05 Track 06

13. Theme and Variations Involves starting a piece with a main theme which is then repeated several times, but changing or ‘varying’ each time May be changed in; – Tempo – Rhythm – Tonality (e.g. major to minor) – Ornaments/ Adding extra notes Excerpt on next slide

14. Theme and Variations Listen to this piece by Mozart. You should recognise the main theme at the start (Twinkle Twinkle). At 34 Seconds, it moves to the 1 st variation At 1min 03secs, it moves to the 2 nd variation Listen to (and look if you can) the main and the variations. There are a lot of extra notes added, decoration of notes…anything else? Video 01 - Theme and Variation - Mozart/ 12 Variations "Ah, vous dirai-je, maman" KV 265 (Clara Haskil) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NO-ecxHEPqI

15. Ground Bass A melody in the bass (the lowest part) that is repeated throughout the music Harmony and Melody may keep changing above the ground bass This is a characteristic common of the Baroque Period

16. Ground Bass Examples Ground Bass in Classical Music (Baroque); – Used in Baroque music, enabled the composer to achieve unity (togetherness) in the music – The music shows the same bass part/melody being repeated throughout. Pachelbel’s Canon in D Track 08

17. Pedal A sustained (held) or repeated note, usually in the bass. The harmony on top of a pedal note must change while the pedal note stays the same or it is not a pedal note. It may be a Tonic pedal or a Dominant pedal note.

18. Call and Response A musical phrase is sung by one person or musician and is followed by a responding phrase by one person or a group of musicians. Common in traditional African Music and African- American music like Gospel Think ‘Oh Happy Day’ Used in Blues and Jazz too, often found in musical phrases between Vocals and an instrument. Track 07 “Oh Happy Day” This is a typical example of “Call and Response.” Listen to the interaction between the soloist and the group. Sung by an African-American Gospel Group.

19. Minuet and Trio Form The Minuet is a dance from 17 th / 18 th centuries in 3/4 time, at moderate tempo Often performed in the Royal Courts The Trio is a ‘thinner textured’ section, often made up of just three instruments A A B B Contrasting tune, key and texture C C D D Repeat of minuet, but without internal repeats A A B B A1BA2 Minuet 1TrioMinuet 1 A1BA2 Minuet 1TrioMinuet 1

20. Strophic, Through Composed, Da Capo Aria All forms used in vocal music; Strophic When the same tune is repeated throughout for each verse. Think hymn tunes or Adele’s ‘Make you feel my love’ Through-Composed Opposite of Strophic. When new music occurs for each verse, changing to reflect different moods or situations described in the lyrics Aria A solo singer sings a melody with orchestral accompaniment. Found frequently through operas.

21. Cyclic Form Constant repetition of a fixed number of beats or melodic pattern During each cycle these patterns can be repeated and developed through; – improvisation – changes in texture – dynamics Common in; African Drumming music, Indian Classical Music (Think of the Tabla), and Asian Gamelan music – World Music

22. Popular Song Forms Popular songs are made up of main sections called; – Verse – All verses in popular music are usually the same, repetition of melodies etc. but there may be a change in terms of more instruments, different words etc. – Chorus – Repeated as the main, catchy idea of the song, and is usually repeated throughout with little change – Bridge Some may also involve; – Intro – Outro – Fills – Common to use drums or guitar to connect sections – Middle 8s – 8 Bars in the middle of the song that is sometimes a contrast to the rest of the song.

23. Popular Song Form 12 – Bar Blues 12 Bar song structure used in Blues and other music such as Rock n Roll, Swing, Jazz etc. Based on 3 Chords throughout the whole song The 12 bars are repeated throughout the song.

24. Sonata Form Large scale musical form in 3 parts: 1)Exposition: Characters are introduced 2)Development: Develops ideas such as melody & rhythm. It’s dramatic, usually with many key changes 3)Recapitulation: Brings back musical ideas from exposition – ‘rounded off’ Sonata Form really is a large musical form, too long to be tested aurally through musical excerpts in the exam….but be aware of the order and names of these 3 parts